THE
TRANSACTIONS LINNEAN SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
VOLUME XII. 3
* Tt E z : - | LOND ON2 —
PRINTED BY RICHARD AND'ARTHUR TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S HOUSE, NO, 9, GERRARD-STREET, SOHO ;
AND BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW,
——
MDCCCXVIII.
MISSOURT BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE d TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY
OF
I
PART THE FIRST.
LONDON:
RICHARD AND ARTHUR TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE, FLEET-STREET. SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S HOUSE, NO. 9, GERRARD-STREET, SOHO ; CH e AND BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW.
——Áü ———
MDCCCXVII,
itods h
/ } E ^f; ong Le Atc CONTENTS. di dep dateetot
¥ fret
I. Somz Information respecting the Lignum Rhodium of Pococke's Travels, in a Letter to Alexander MacLea: Ys Esq. F. R.S. Sec. L.S. By Sir James Edward Smith, : M.D. F.R.S. Pr. L.S., $c. - T ecd. à
IL. Of the Formation of the Vegetable Epidermis. By the. Rev. Patrick Keith, T.L.S. c á - B. 6
III. On the Classification of the ess, Tribe of bisects NoronrcTIDES, with Descriptions of the British Species.
By William Elford Leach, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S. H 19
IV. Some Remarks on the Natural Hes of the Black v: + Stork, for the first time captured in Great Britain. By George Montagu, Esq. F.L.S. T 0 7o XN aa
: & Sine aco UN: of the Tantalus Ephouskyca,a rare À merican Bird. By Benjamin Smith Barton, M.D. F.M. L.S. p. 24
VI. Observations on the Orchis militaris of Linneus. By Mr. ` COJOE.Bicheuoó, ELS = os i eee 28
VII. Grypuis and CHioDECTON, two new Genera of the E .. Family of Lichenes, with Descriptions and Figures of the Species hitherto discovered. - By Erik Acharius, M.D. + —— FALLS. mE T E LU oet re - - P.. 35-
VIII. On the Power of Sarracenia adunca to entrap Insects. In a Letter to Sir J. E. Smith, Pres. Linn. Soc., from James Macbride, M.D. of South Carolina t p. 49 | IX. Ob-
iv
CONTENTS.
1X. Observations on the Nature and Formation of the Stone
incrusting the Skeletons which have been found in the Island of Guadaloupe, with some Account of the Origin of those Skeletons. In a Report made to General Ernouf, late Governor of the Colony. Communicated by the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.G.C. B. Pres. R.S. H.M.L.S. $c. - - - E - E p.. 53
Descriptions of a new Genus of. Plants named Araujia, and of a new Species of Passiflora. By Felix de Avellar Brotero, Professor of Botany in the University of Coim- aE MLS. . - - - E - - P- Ed
XI. Some Observations on the natural Fail ST Plants called
ComposiTæ. By Robert Brown, Esq. F. R.S. Libr.L.S. p. 76
XII. On some remarkable Deviations from the usual Struc-
ture of Seeds and Fruits. By Robert Brown, F.R.S, — ELI ED ATI E AE T.
RHI. Remarks on two Genera of Plants to be referred to the
Family of the Rosacea, in a Letter from Mr. AE- pe candolle, Professor of Natural History in the Academy of Geneva, Corresp. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, &c. to Sir James Edward Smith, President of the Linnean Society p. 152
XIV. A Synopsis of the British Species of Rosa. By Joseph
Woods, Esq. F. L.S. EU elg t a c 100
XV. A Botanical History of the Genus Tofieldia.. By Sir
James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S.P.L.S. =. p. 235
XVI. A Monograph of the Genus Pconia. By the late
George Anderson, Esq, F.L.S. dc. = - p. 248
TRANS-
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY.
+
"wr Some Information respecting /the Lignum Rhodium of Pococke’s - Travels, in a Letter to AlezaWder MacLeay, Esq. F.R.S. Sec. L. S. By Sir James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. Pr. L.S., 4c.
Read February 21, 1815. Dear Str, | POINT of botanical history has just been cleared up by my examinations of the manuscripts and dried specimens of the late Dr. J. Sibthorp, which, not being admissible into the Flora Graca, . I think proper to rescue from oblivion, by requesting you to lay it before the Linnean Society. Lf Pococke, in his well-known * Description of the East," vol. ii. part 1. p. 230, speaking of Cyprus, has the following passage: “ Most of the trees in the island are evergreen; but it is most famous for the tree called by the natives Xylon Effendi, the Wood
of our Lord, and by naturalists Lignum Cyprinum and Lignum — — - p
Rhodium, because it grows in these two islands. It is called also the Rose Wood, by reason of its smell. Some say it is in other parts of the Levant, and also in the isle of Martinico. It grows like the Platanus or Plane-tree, and bears a seed or mast like that, only the leaf and fruit are rather smaller. -The botanists
VOL. XII. B call
2 Sir J. E. Suirn on the Lignum Rhodium
call it the Oriental Plane-tree. The leaves being rubbed have a fine balsamic smell, with an orange flavour. It produces an ex- cellent white turpentine; especially when any incisions are made in the bark. I suppose it is from this that they extract a very fine perfumed oil, which, they say, as well as the wood, has the virtue of fortifying the heart and brain. The common people here cut off the bark and wood together, toast it in the fire, and suck it, which they esteem a specific remedy in a fever, and seem to think that it has a miraculous operation."
' So far Dr. Pococke, who in the 2d part of the same vol. p. 188, mentions this tree again, and, in plate 89, gives a tolerable, but not precisely botanical figure of it. ‘This plate is cited by Will- denow, Sp. Pl. vol. 4. 475, asa representation of the Liquidambar imberbe, Ait. Hort. Kew, ed. 1. vol. 3. 365. That author perceiving it to be no Platanus, but rather a Liquidambar, reasonably enough concluded it to represent the Oriental, rather than the American, species of that genus. The figure, though drawn and engraved by Ehret, is not sufficiently accurate to determine so nice a point. As it does not show the hairiness about the veins of the leaves, which distinguishes the occidental Liquidambar from the oriental, Willdenow is the more excusable; though the outline of the foli- age agrees best with the former.
Dr. Sibthorp, in his visit to Cyprus, was anxious to ascertain the tree mentioned by Pococke, and the result of his inquiry cannot be better related than in the words of his manuscript journal.
* April 19, 1785, at eight in the morning we left Upreva, and, passing through the vales below, gradually ascended the moun- tains of Antiphoniti. At noon we arrived at the convent, most romantically situated among the mountains, with a view of the sea, and a distant sight of the mountains of Caramania. I was
come
of Pococke's Travels. 3
come here, on the authority of Pococke, to see the Lignum Rho- dium. This the Greeks call Xylon Effendi. The Eugumenos of the convent, a very old man, offered himself as my conductor ; and leading me a few paces below the convent, into a garden, now covered with rubbish, he pointed out a tree, which upon examination I found to be Liquidambar Styraciflua. The trunk ofit was much hacked. Different bits of it had been carried off by the curious or superstitious, as an ornament to their cabinets or churches. This was probably the same tree that Pococke had seen. To ascertain the Lignum Rhodium has been much wished by the naturalists. An American tree, growing in the swamps of Virginia, seems to have little claim to be considered as the tree which should produce it. The name of Xylon Effendi, and the traditions of the convent, testify the reputation in which this tree has long been held in the island. It was probably originally in- troduced by the Venetians during their possession of Cyprus. I could not discover, either from observation or inquiry, that it was to be found in any other part of the island; nor do I recollect that the Liquidambar Styraciflua has been mentioned, by any bo- tanist, as an oriental tree. Whether the Lignum Rhodium of the shops is the wood of this tree or not, I am doubtful. The first Aspalathus of Dioscorides; I think, is cintas the Lignum Rho- dium of the ancients."
Dr. Sibthorp then proceeds to mention two species of onm one of which he suspects to be the first, and the other the second, Aspalathus of Dioscorides; but the want of descriptions, and of marked specimens, renders it impossible to distinguish what he meant. . I do not presume to reconcile the discordant accounts, which may be found in writers on the Materia Medica, respecting the Lignum Rhodium ; nor are these writers even agreed whether
its name originated from the rose-like scent of the wood, or from 2. the
À Sir J. E. Smitu on the Lignum Rhodium
the isle of Rhodes being its native country. We find nothing among them indicative of the above Liquidambar, or any similar tree. It is evident that Pococke had but a superficial knowledge of the historical, and still less of the botanical, part of the subject. The only point I have had in view, after the example of Dr. Sib- thorp, was to ascertain Pococke’s plant. Specimens preserved in the herbarium of my deceased friend, and a pencil sketch by Mr. Bauer, show this to be, without any doubt, what he deter- mined it, the Liquidambar Styraciflua of Linneus, and not, as Willdenow presumed, the imberbe of Aiton. This last was brought from the Levant, Duhamel says from Caria, by Peysonel to the Paris garden, from whence I have an authentic specimen. Miller obtained seeds, by which the _L. imberbe was introduced-into our gardens, and he describes it well. Nothing can be more distinct as a species; but it was not well ascertained when Dr. Sibthorp began his travels, which will account for his adverting to the American Liquidambar only. | There still remains great difficulty in accounting for the intro- duction of this tree into Cyprus, and for its becoming so famous there. The plant is not known to have been cultivated in En- gland, much before the end of the seventeenth century, scarcely fifty years before Pococke found it, apparently long established in Cyprus. The Venetians were owners of this island from the year 1480 to 1570; so that if they, as Dr. Sibthorp guesses, in- troduced this tree, it must have been among the earlier botanical importations from the new-discovered continent. But we can find no traces of the Liquidambar tree having, any where, excited the particular attention of the Venetians, or an y other Italians, either for medical, ceconomical, or religious purposes; nor does it occur in their gardens, or even their botanical catalogues, as far as I can trace. Pococke’s vague mention of the ** isle of Marti-
nico”
of Pococke's Travels. 5
nico" might induce a suspicion of its having been obtained from thence; but no Europæans were settled in that island previous to the year 1635, nor do we know that the tree, being a native of North America, would grow in so hot a climate. :
How the Liquidambar Styraciflua travelled to Cyprus, must therefore remain unexplained ; for we have not even a legend to help us, like that of the staff of Joseph of Arimathea at Glas- tonbury. That so great a novelty should have acquired consi- derable reputation in the garden of a Cyprian convent, so as to have even supernatural properties attributed to it, may not so much excite our wonder. Its celebrity indeed appears to have declined between the periods of Dr. Pococke's visit and Dr. Sib- thorp's, but the tree itself still flourished. Dr. Sibthorp, like his predecessor, found it forming seed ; yet it does not appear to have scattered its progeny over the neighbourhood, as, in so fine a cli- mate, it might have been expected to have done, though I have never heard of its bringing any seed to perfection in England, where it rarely even blossoms. Sa
d remain, &c. XE er L di Norwich, Feb. 20, 1815. sip 4000 dE. SMITH
Ett
II. Of the Formation of the Vegetable Epidermis. By the Rev. Patrick Keith, F.L.S.
Read March 7, 1815.
Tue pellicle that constitutes the vegetable epidermis has gene- rally been regarded as a membrane essentially distinct from the parts which it invests, and as generated with a view to the dis- charge of some peculiar functions in the vegetable œconomy. Some phytologists, however, have viewed it in a light altogether different, and have regarded it as being merely the effect of acci- dent, and nothing more than a scurf formed upon the exterior and pulpy surface of the parenchyma indurated by the action of the air. This was the opinion of Grew and Malpighi, and, though it does not seem to have ever met with any very general reception, has been revived of late by M. Mirbel, who, pro- fessing to be dissatisfied with the analogy that has generally been thought to exist between the epidermis of the animal and vegetable, contends that the latter is nothing more than the in- durated surface of the parenchyma, from which it differs only in such circumstances as are occasioned by position. If it is more or less transparent ; if it is tougher and firmer in its texture than the parenchyma, or any of its parts; it is only because it is con- stantly exposed to the influence of light and air, and to the con- tact of such bodies as float in the atmosphere; but it is not to be regarded as constituting a distinct organ or membrane; or as
exhibiting
The Rev. PATRICK Kerra on the Vegetable Epidermis, — 7
exhibiting any proof of its being analogous to the epidermis of animals *. | |
Such is the substance of M. Mirbel's opinion, against which he is aware that objections may still be urged. For it may be said, If this is the true origin of the epidermis, how comes it to sepa- „Tate so easily from the interior parts in the spring? To this ob- | jection M. Mirbel furnishes the following reply, namely, that its facility of detachment is owing to the disorganization occasioned in it by means of its exposed situation, which has even the effect of ultimately separating it from the plant altogether, as may be seen in the instances in which it bursts and exfoliates when it is not able to expand in proportion to tbe internal parts. And thus M. Mirbel presumes he has got rid of all difficulties.
But the above is by no means the most formidable objection to which the hypothesis is liable. For if it be true that the epider- mis is nothing more than the pellicle formed on the external sur- face of the parenchyma indurated by the action of the air, then it will follow that an epidermis can never be completely formed till such time as it has been exposed to that action. But it is known that the epidermis exists in a state of complete perfection, in cases where it could not possibly have been affected by the action of the external air. If you take a rose-bud or bud of any other flower before it expands, and strip it of its external cover- ing, you will find that the petals and other inclosed parts of the fructification are as completely furnished with their epidermis as any other parts of the plant, and yet they have never been ex- posed to the action of the air. The same may be said of the epidermis of the seed while yet in the seed-vessel, or of the root, or of the stem of the paper birch, which still continues to form and to detach itself, though the interior layers are defended from the action of the air by the layers that invest them.
* Traité d'Anat. et de Phys. Veg. i. 87. 1 n
8 The Rev. Patrick KEITH on
In herbs, and in the temporary parts of woody plants, such as the leaves and flowers, the epidermis never detaches itself at all ; which circumstance M. Mirbel adduces as an additional argu- ment in favour of his hypothesis. But to me it seems an argu- ment against it. For, if the air produces such violent effects upon the trunk and branches of woody plants, why does it not produce similar effects upon other plants, or upon other parts of the same plant? And why is the epidermis of the leaf, flower and fruit in- capable of being again regenerated, if accidentally destroyed ? Till a satisfactory answer can be given to these inquiries, that shall be at the same time compatible with the supposed action of the air in other cases, it is impossible to admit the hypothesis of M. Mirbel. abdidit ie Mbit RE
. But so far is the action of the mere air from being the cause ES origin of the epidermis, that it is even detrimental to its for- mation. For the re-production of a part that has been acciden-
tally destroyed, in cases capable of re-production, is always more
easily effected if the wound be covered closely up*. And hence it is extremely improbable that the epidermis is merely a modifi- cation of the external surface of the parenchyma effected by the influence and action of the air; if rather it is not evidently an organ formed by the agency of the vital principle, even when the plant i is yet in embryo, for the very purpose of protecting it from injury when it shall have been exposed to the action of the air in the process of vegetation.
Accordingly the developement of the epidermis is found to -— pace with that of the plant which it invests, so that it
* grows with its growth and strengthens with its strength,” ex- panding in all its dimensions, and accommodating itself with wonderful facility to the augmentation of the nelésad parts, as may be seen in the case of trees and fruits of rapid growth. Its
* Senebier, Phys. Veg. i. 154, expansion
+
the Formation of the Vegetable Epidermis. 9
expansion is circumscribed, however, by certain bounds or limits which it cannot pass. For, when it has become indurated with age, or when vegetation is too luxuriant, it refuses or is unable to expand further, and consequently bursts. But if it does not burst spontaneously, where it does not expand freely, it is then thought to check or retard the growth of the plant, by operating as a sort of tight roller or bandage; as may be exemplified in the case of the cherry-tree, the epidermis of which the gardener is often obliged to lay open by means of a longitudinal incision, in order to facilitate the growth of the parts inclosed.
With regard to the disavowed analogy between the animal and vegetable epidermis, it is of no consequence to the above argu- ment whether it holds good or not. But there are several i impor- tant respects in which an analogy between the two cuticles is sufficiently striking. They are both capable of great expansion in the growth of the subject. They are both easily regenerated when destroyed, (with the exceptions above stated,) and seem- ingly in the same manner. They are both subject, in certain cases, to a constant decay and repair; and they both protect from injury the parts inclosed. Whence we feel ourselves en- titled to draw a conclusion directly the reverse of that of M. Mir- bel, namely, that the epidermis of the vegetable is not an acci- dental scurf formed on the surface of the parenchyma by means of the action of the air; but a distinct and individual organ formed by the agency of the vital principle, at the period of the genera- tion of the plant, and destined to the discharge of peculiar func- tions in the vegetable ceconomy, as well as exhibiting a close ana- logy to the epidermis of the animai.
Stow Maries, Dec. 22, 1814.
VOL. XII. c | Il. On
( 10 )
III. On the Classification of the Natural Tribe of Insects Noro- NECTIDES, with Descriptions of the British Species. By Wil- liam Elford Leach, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S.
Read April 4, 1815.
Beror: laying down the characters of this interesting and natu- ral tribe of insects, it may not be deemed improper to give a very short account of what has been done PL a | entomologists.
Linné and albhis predecessors comprehe nded the species under the generic appellation Notonecta. The accurate Geoffroy was the first who separated Notonecta into two genera, which have
been adopted by most succeeding writers, excepting Linné, who = in the last edition of his Some Naturæ has merely given the synonyms of that author, without taking the least notice of the important characters which induced him to separate them.
De Geer confounded the animals of this tribe with Nepa and
Naucoris, whilst Latreille and Olivier placed them in a division of their family Hydrocorise. . In the Edinburgh Encyclopedia I separated them from the Hydrocorise, and placed them in a particular tribe, named in that work Notonectides, which term I shall adopt in the following little essay.
Onto:
$i
Dr. LraAcn's Classification of the Notonectides. 11
with Ordo. HEMIPTERA*. Subordo. HYDROCORISÆ. Insecta aquatica, antennis mi-
nutissimis.
Tribus 2. NoTOoNECTIDESs. - Pedes duo postici longiores, natatorii.
Fam. I. Corpus cylindrico-ovatum, aut ovato-quadratum. Tarsi omnes biarticulati. (Scutellum magnum.) |
nu | Oeil orere Corpus cylindrico-ovatum. Antenne articulo tertio secundo tenui- ore. Tarsi antici FLO primo longiore. Ungues postici minu- tissimi. Gen. 2. PREA: | Corpus ovato-quadratum. Antenne articulo tertio aliis majore. Tarsi antici articulis subæquè longis. Ungues postici magni.
Fam. II.
Corpus depresso-cylindricum. Tarsi antici uniarticulati; qua- tuor postici biarticulati. (Elytra margine antico ad basin saltem canaliculato.)
Gen. 3. SIGARA.
Scutellum distinctum. Thorax transversus, linearis. Corpus ova- tum, posticè acuminatum.
Gen. 4. ConiXa. — Scutellum nullum. - Thorax transversus, posticè productus. Cor- pus lineare, anticè et posticè rotundatum.
* In the Edinburgh Encyclopedia 1 have divided the HemrprerA of Latreille into HE- MIPTERA and OMOPTERA, which Latreille considered as two great divisions of one order.
c 2 Fam.
12 Dro LzacH's Classification of the Notonectides.
Fam. I. AI the insects of this family swim on their back, moving by means of their long hinder legs, which resemble oars; whence they have been aptly named boat-flies.
Gen. 1. NOTONECTA. :
Besides the characters given in the above table, the following will be useful in order to enable the young entomologist to di- stinguish this genus from Prza, from which it has not been sepa- rated by any entomologist*.
The thorax is hexagonal, the anterior part is much attenuated, and the hinder margin is straight. The head is narrower than the broadest part of the thorax; the eyes are oblong, and cón- . verge a little behind ; the hinder legs are much ciliated, and the claws are so minute as to be discovered with great rent - ; the tips of the 'elytra are notched.
Spec. 1. Notonecta furcata.
N. elytris nigris, maculis duabus baseos griseis: posticá — Notonecta furcata. Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. 58. Syst. Rhyng. 102. 2.
Oliv. Encycl. Méthod. Hist. Nat. viii. 388. 2. Var. £. Elytris maculá ferrugineá. Habitat in Caledoniz, Angli: aquis vulgatissime. Ogs. Elytra apice fuliginosa; dorsum nigrum.
Spec. 2. Notonecta maculata. N. elytris fusco ferrugineoque variis, dorso ferrugineo fascià media pernigrá. ug Notonecta maculata. Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. 58. —-— Syst. Rhyng. 103. 4.
* In the Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, tom. iii. p. 150, the accurate Latreille has detailed the principal characters of PLEA, which he considered as a species of Notonecta.
Notonecta
Dr. Leacn’s Classification of. the Notonectides. AS
Notonecta maculata. Oliv. Encycl. Méthod. Hist. Nat. viii. 988. 4. Notonecta glauca var. A. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 150. Habitat in Anglia prope Bristol, Plymouth, et Exeter.
Elytra apice fuliginosa.
Spec. 3. Notonecta glauca. N. elytris griseis margine fusco-puncfatis, dorso nigro apice pallido. Notonecta glauca auctorum. Var. 8. Elytris subferrugineis fusco-subirroratis. Var. y. Elytris apice subnebulosis. Var. à. Elytris pallidis immaculatis. Habitat in Britannia vulgatissime.
"This species is by far the most common that occurs in Great Britain. ‘The back- T" the abdomen is always black, terminated with pale yellow. Var. 6 at first sight bears a-near resemblance to .N. maculata ; but the spots in the front of the elytra, and the colour of the back, will readily distinguish them. Var. y I twice received from Mr. S. W. Millard, who took them near Bristol. Var. à I found in the north of England, and I suspect it to be an immature specimen. All the varieties, excepting the last, have a small blackish spot on the hinder margin of the elytra; but it is much more distinct in some specimens than in others, and it is never to be seen in N: maculata: this affords another character for discrimination, and therefore ought not to remain unnoticed.
Gen.2. Pufa:
The thorax is obscurely hexagonal, with the hinder margin pro- minent and rounded ; the head as broad as the broadest part of the thorax; the eyes are rather oblong, without the least ten- dency to converge behind ; the hinder pair of legs not more cili- ated than the others, but are terminated by very strong and di-
stinct claws; tips of the elytra acuminated and entire. = 7 ^ — | Spec.
14 Dr. Luacn’s Classification of the Notonectides.
Spec. 1. Plea minutissima.
P. grisea, fronte lined fuscá, thorace elytrisque subtilissime punctatis. : Notonecta cinerea, anelytra. Geoffroy Ins. Par. i. 477. 2 Notonecta minutissima. Fourc. Entom. Paris. i. 220. 2. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 150. Oliv. Encycl. Méth d. viii. 389. Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. 59. Syst. Rhyng. 104. 10.
Long. Corp. 14 lin. Habitat in aquis stagnantibus prope Londinum vulgatissime.
This species has been considered by Geoffroy, Fabricius, and Oli- vier, as Notonecta minutissima of Linné, whicl reference undoubt- to the following “species ; 1 viz. to Sigara minutissima. “Whether Notónecta minutissima of Panzer (Fn. Ins. Germ. In.ii.14. ) be intended for this species, I cannot take upon myself to decide, as his figure indicates a deep notch in the hinder margin of the thorax, which I have not been enabled to detect in any speci- mens ; his figure must therefore be incorrect, or be intended for a distinct species from the one in question.
Geoffroy has described the larva, never having seen the perfect insect. +
Fam. Ir. Gen..3. SicARA.
The characters already given sufficiently distinguish this from the two preceding genera.
Spec. 1. Sigara minutissima.
S. supra cinerea, elytris fusco obsolete maculatis, subtus pedi- busque flavis.
Notonecta
Dr. LzAcn's Classification of the Notonectides. 15
Notonecta minutissima. Linn. Fn. Sv. 244. 905. — — Syst. Nat. i. 713. 3.
Habitat in rivis, lacubus vulgatissime.
Long. Corp. 1 lin.
Linné has described this species so minutely as to leave no doubt with respec: to the above reference; in the twelfth edition of his Systema Nature, and in the last edition of his Fauna Suecica, he has given the following characters: ** N. elytris cinereis; maculis fuscis longitudinalibus. Magnitudo minime arenule ; depressa est. Pedes posteriores longiores ; primum par minimum. Habet alas, ely- tra, scutellum”?
Sigara minutissima is | found in every part of Gross Britain; I have observed it in the Lake of Killarney, and in other lakes in the south of Ireland ; in the north of England, near Carlisle, and in Derwentwater ; in Loch Lomond and Loch Katerine in Scot- land ; in the river Tavy in Devon; and I have frequently received it from the Norfolk collectors: whence we may infer that it occurs in that country.
To this genus probabl y belongs the Sigara coleoptrata of Panzer, Faun. Ins. Germ. In. 50. 24.
Gen. 4. Cortxa.
The thorax is more or less produced behind in all the species of this genus; but it is not evident in the first division of the ge- nus until the elytra have been elevated. "The front, the under parts of the body, and the legs, in all the British species, are yel- lowish. | supe Swick * Elytris ad apicem subgradatim acuminatis.
"Ihe channel on the anterior margin of the elytra in this divi- sion is uninterrupted, and gradually disappears before it reaches to the — S of the elytra.
Spec.
16 Dr. LraAcnu's Classification of the Notonectides.
Spec. 1. Coriva coleoptrata. | C. thorace rufo-griseo, elytris sublutescentibus: maculis longitu- dinalibus nigricantibus. Sigara coleoptrata, elytris totis coriaceis fuscis; margine exte- riori flavo. Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. 105. 4. | Habitat in Norfolciæ aquis prope Norwich.
Although the character by Fabricius does not accord with that given above, yet as he drew his description from a museum speci- men (which generally assumes the colour he mentions) I give his synonym without any hesitation ; but this insect is distinct from the Sigara coleoptrata of Panzer, which is figured with a scutellum,
and most probably due to the genus Sigara as mentioned above.
The To in the fore part o of f the qb at t about two-thirds from its commencement, is interrupted by an oblique transverse elevated line, and it terminates abruptly before it reaches to the
apex of the elytron, and then it leaves the margin, inclining a little inwards or backwards.
a. Elytris thoraceque rugulosis. |
Spec. 2. Corixa striata. C. thorace el ytrisque fuscis: lineolis flavicantibus transversis stria- tis, dorso nigro, lateribus flavidis. Notonecta striata. Linn. Fn. Sv. 244. 904. Syst. Nat. i. 712. 2. Habitat in aquis stagnantibus. Descr. Elytra striis undulatis flavicantibus, margine exteriore
fusco. Thorax perfuscus lineolis transversis numerosissimis fla- vicantibus, :
Spec. 3. Corixa stagnalis.
C. fusca, thorace lineolis transversis numerosissimis flavicantibus, elytris fuscis flavido irroratis.
Habitat
Dr. LzAcn's Classification of the Notonectides. 17
Habitat in aquis stagnantibus putridis vulgatissime. Elytra fusca flavido-irrorata; margine anteriore flavido ; mar- gine postico basin versus flavido-lineato. Dorsum fusco-nigricans.
This species is about half the size of C. striata.
Spec. 4. Corixa fossarum.
C. fusca, thorace lineolis sex transversis flavidis, elytris fuscis flavido-irroratis.
Habitat in fossis passim.
C. stagnali paulo minor. Elytra fusca flavido-irrorata, antice fla- vida, postice basin versus flavido-lineata. Dorsum flavum.
| Spec. 5. Corixa lateralis. C. albida, thorace lineolis septem nigris, elytris nigro-irroratis : margine antico immaculato. Habitat in fluviis. C. fossarum paululum minor. Dorsum atrum, lateribus flavis.
Spec. 6. Corixa dorsalis. C. flavida, thorace margine lineolisque sex transversis nigris, elytris nigro-irroratis: margine antico immaculato. Habitat in fluviis vulgatissime. C. stagnali paulo major. Dorsum flavum.
b. Elytris thoraceque glaberrimis, levibus.
Spec. 7. Corixa Geoffroyi. C. flavida, thorace lineolis transversis numerosissimis nigris, ely- tris nigro-irroratis: dorso pernigro apice flavido. La Corise. Geoff. Hist. Nat. des Insect. i. p. 48. pl. 9. fig. T. Sigara striata. Panz. Fn. Ins. Germ. In. 50. 23. | VOL. XII. D | Long.
18 Dr. LzAcn's Classification of the Notonectides.
Long. Corp. 4 unc. Habitat in aquis stagnantibus vulgatissime.
All authors have considered this species as Notonecta striata of Linné, although it will not agree with his character. It is figured by Geoffroy and Panzer, and is of the former author the species serving as the type of the genus Coriza.
: Spec. 8. Corixa affinis.
C. flavida, thorace lineolis transversis numerosissimis nigris, ely- tris nigro-irroratis : dorso pernigro; lateribus postice dentato- flavis.
Habitat in stagnis prope Plymouth haud infrequens.
C. Geoffroyi duplo minor.
à x + Diner ae m Meer irm cdd pin nait Le MES p cantici E TNT Tofiteptet9g LE: EE : z ` + pe "TT d t a t E. : -
IV. Some
C 49: )
IV. Some Remarks on the Natural History of the Black Stork, for the first time captured in Great Britain. By George Montagu, Esq. F.L.S.
Read May 2, 1815.
ARDEA NIGRA. Linn. - Brack Stork. ~
Mosr ornithological writers mention this bird as an European - species, less common than the White Stork, and of a more soli- tary disposition. Its latitudinal range in its periodical migra- tions is apparently greater than that of the white species, since it is said to visit Russia and Siberia, and also to pass over Sweden in the spring in vast flocks, flying towards the extreme north, and soaring to so great a height as to appear no larger than a sparrow.
From innumerable observations it is evident that migrative birds are much more coafined in their longitudinal range than in their latitudinal: hence it is that many species pass through France and Germany in the spring, and return in the autumn, which by no chance have as yet been ever observed to wander into this country, although they proceed much further north than any part of Britain. Others, from accidental causes of which we have no certain knowledge, occasionally vary a little from their natu- ral course, and are found solitary in this country. Of this I have the pleasure of announcing an example in Ardea nigra, the only
instance I believe of its being found at large in Great Britain. D 2 This
20 Mr. Montaau’s Remarks on
This bird was captured by means of a slight shot-wound in the wing, without breaking a bone, and is now in my possession in excellent health. To my scientific friend, Mr. Austin of Bridge- water, naturalists in general, and myself in particular, are indebted for this addition to the British Fauna, he having rescued it from plebeian hands, where in all probability the circumstance would bave been consigned to oblivion. It was shot in West Sedge- moor, adjoining the parish of Stoke St. Gregory, Somersetshire, on the 13th of May 1814; and what is remarkable, another very rare bird, the White Spoonbill, was shot on the same moor, by the same person, in November of the preceding year.
When first the Black Stork was observed, it was searching for food by the side of a drain, and when approached flew a consi- derable distan — m -—— —— P MÀ =
" we 8.9 4 LLL II LE $ V €) " -
€
ciently near to slightly wound it. It made little resistance, and on the following day ate some eels that had been placed near it. - I was greatly rejoiced to receive this interesting bird alive from Mr. Austin, as its manners do notseem to be much known. Like the White Stork, it frequently rests upon one leg ; and if alarmed, particularly by the approach of a dog, it makes a considerable noise by reiterated snapping of the bill, similar to that species. It soon became docile, and would follow its feeder for a favourite morsel, an eel. When very hungry it crouches, resting the whole length of the legs upon the ground, and supplicantly seems to demand food, by nodding the head, flapping its unwieldy pinions, and forcibly blowing the air from the lungs with audible exspira- tions. Whenever it is approached, the expulsion of air accom- panied by repeated nodding of the head is provoked. The bird is of a mild and peaceful disposition, very unlike many of its con- geners ; for it never makes use of its formidable bill offensively: against any of the companions of its prison, and even submits . peaceably
the Natural History of the Black Stork. 21
peaceably to be taken up without much struggle. From the manner in which it is observed to search the grass with its bill, there can be no doubt that reptiles form part of its natural food ; even mice, worms, and the larger insects, probably add to its usual repast. When searching in thick grass or in the mud for its prey, the bill is kept partly open: by this means I have ob- served it take eels in a pond with great dexterity : no spear, com- mon in use for taking that fish, can more effectually receive it between its prongs than the grasp of the Stork's open mandibles. A small eel has no chance of escaping when once roused from its lurking-place. But the Stork does not gorge its prey instantly like the Corvorant; on the contrary, it retires to the margin of the pool, and there disables its prey by shaking and beating with its bill, before it ventures to swallow it. I never observed this bird attempt to swim ; but it will wade up to the belly, and occa- sionally thrust the whole head and neck under water after its prey. It prefers an elevated spot on which to repose: an old ivy-bound weeping-willow, that lies prostrate over the pond, is usually re- sorted to for that purpose. In this quiescent state the neck is much shortened by resting the hinder part of the head on the back; and the bill rests on the fore-part of the neck, over which the feathers flow partly so as to conceal it, making a very indie appearance. "m The Black Stork, perhaps, is not more delicate in its food than the white species : fish appears to be preferred to flesh, but when very hungry any sort of offal is acceptable. -
. All birds that pursue their migrative course by night in con- gregation, have undoubtedly some cry by which the whole assem- bly is kept together; yet it should appear that at other times the Black Stork is extremely mute: not a single note has been heard
to issue from the bird in question since its captivity. As
22 Mr. Monracu’s Remarks on
As there is a little variation in the plumage of my specimen of Ardea nigra from what has generally been described, and as the plumage when first captured indicated immaturity, being very different from what has been since assumed, I beg leave to sub- join a short description of three states of plumage.
The head and upper part of the neck speckled with pale brown of different shades, having a slight tinge of rufous, becoming darker on the lower part of the neck, the fcathers being dusky in the middle: the back, scapulars, and coverts of the wings dusky- black, slightly margined with brown: quills and tail dusky-black, the latter glossed with green: the feathers on the lower part of the neck before pretty long and loose, hanging over the breast : from thence to the tail dingy-white. On the.back were two or three feathers, apparently-new; that-were of a dark glossy green, indicating a change of plumage. "This description was taken in June 1814, soon after the bird was captured. The bird conti- nued very gradually to moult throughout the summer and win- ter, becoming much darker on the head and neck, and much greener on the back; and by the beginning of February 1815 the upper part of the head and back of the neck became dusky- black, glossed with green; the lower neck before dusk y-black, and the whole upper part of the body, including wing-coverts and scapulars, dark shining green, similar in colour to that variety of the Glossy Ibis known under the title of Tantalus viridis*. The under parts of the plumage continued as at first. The bill, which is full seven inches in length, has the upper mandible a trifle the longest, and deficcts a little at the point: the colour is dusky-red, brighter at the base, and orange at the tip: irides light hazel: the lore and orbits bare of feathers, and of a dull red: the legs
= Pennant says blue. Arct, Zool. t Latham says greenish-grey, with a whitish tip, s and
the Natural History of the Black Stork. 23
and toes dull orange. "These parts have changed but little, and perhaps are rather brighter in colour than at first. |
Indisposition having prevented my seeing the bird since the last-mentioned. period till the middle of March, I was much sur- prised to find the appearance of a few feathers on the upper part of the back, that were dusky, resplendent with violet and purple, having a margin of dark glossy green. These elegant feathers continued to increase in number, till the whole upper part of the back had nearly assumed this beautiful plumage by the first of April. At this time no other part of the bird indicated any further change of plumage: the scapulars and coverts, many of which had recently changed, continued of the same colour as last described, without the purple reflections or marginal green. It is scarcely possible to account for such a succession of change in plumage in so short a time, except by supposing that a change in the con- stitution of the bird, produced by captivity and a want of natural food, had caused obstruction to the usual course of moulting, and that the autumnal change had been retarded, and was scarcely effected before the spring moulting commenced. ‘The bill at this season has also become more orange. — |
V. Some
V. Some Account of the Tantalus Ephouskyca, a rare American Bird. By Benjamin Smith Barton, M.D. F.M.L.S.
Read June 6, 1815. —
T'uz annexed figure (Tab. I.) of a rare American bird, together with those very few facts and circumstances which I have been able to collect concerning the bird, may, I flatter myself, prove acceptable to the Linnean Society. It may be proper to observe, that although the. ing, by à Bar
has been in my pc been made frogits: 4: >) pisos :
We know little or nothing of this bird, but what has been com- municated to us by the ingenious gentleman just mentioned. I here subjoin all that he has said concerning it.
* There is inhabiting the low shores and swamps of this river*, and the lakes of Florida, as well as Georgia, a very curious bird, called by an Indian name, (Ephousk yca 1.) which signifies in our language the Crying Bird. I cannot determine what genus of Eu- ropean birds to join it with. It isabout the size of a large domes- tic hen. All the body, above and beneath, is of a dark lead co- lour, every feather edged or tipped with white, which makes the bird appear speckled on a near view: the eye is large, and placed high on the head, which is very prominent: the billor beak is
APrirs * AT DAI tialil,
graving has ever
* The St. Juan, in East Florida.
t “ Tantalus pictus?" In another part of his work (p. 293.) Mr. Bartram mentions our bird by the same name, Š
five
Linn. Frans Vot XH. Fab. 1. b. $4.
We Cir ree
ec boe EL. c. A
Tantalus Chou Mee : s
Weddelé Se.
Dr. B. S. Ba RTON’s Account of the Tantalus Ephauskyca. 25
five or six inches in length, arched or bent gradually downwards, in that respect to be compared to one half of a bent bow: it is large or thick near the base, compressed on each side, and flatted at top and beneath, which makes it appear four-square for more than an inch, where the nostrils are placed, from whence to their tips both mandibles are round, gradually lessening or tapering to their extremities, which are thicker for about half an inch than immediately above, by which the mandibles never fit quite close their whole length: the upper mandible.is a small matter longer than the under: the bill is of a dusky green colour, more bright and yellowish about. the base and angles of the mouth. The tail is very short, and the middle feather the longest: the others on each side shorten gradually, and are of the colour of the rest of the bird, only somewhat darker: the two shortest or outermost feathers are perfectly white, which the bird has a faculty of flirt- ing out on either side as quick as a flash of lightning, especially when he hears or sees any thing that disturbs him, uttering at the same instant an extreme harsh and loud shriek. His neck is long and slender; and his legs are also long, and bare of feathers above the knee, like those of the bittern, and are black, or of a dark lead colour *.”
It will be evident, I think, from an inspection of the drawing, that the Ephouskyca is a species of the genus Tantalus or Ibis ; a genus of which America produces many species, several of which are now known to be natives of the United States. I can- not, however, find that the ** Crying Bird" is noticed by any of the European ornithologists. I am pretty sure that it is not one of the nineteen species described by Mr. Latham in his General Synopsis of Birds. I may add, that our bird has entirely escaped
* Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, &e., by William Bartram, pp. 147, 148, Philadelphia, 1791.
YOL. XII. E the
386 wo Dr. D. S. Barton's Account of
the notice of the late Mr. Wilson, author of the American Orni- thology. This gentleman has noticed only three species of the genus Tantalus, viz. Tantalus Loculator, or Wood Ibis; T. ruber, or scarlet Ibis; and T. albus, or white Ibis. I think it highly probable that the two last birds are really one and the same species.
I am fully sensible how imperfect are these notices: but I have not hitherto been able to obtain any thing more satisfactory on the subject, though I have for several years endeavoured, through . the medium of my correspondents in the country of the Musco- gulge, or Creek-Indians, to obtain a specimen of the bird. I have no doubt that I shall ultimately be successful in my researches. In this case, I shall not fail to communicate something much more satisfactory on the subject to the Linnzan Society, whose pursuits are at all times highly interesting to me. |
I shall only further observe at present, that should the Crying Bird prove to be a new species of Tantalus (I mean a species not noticed by any systematic ornithologist), it may be well to call it Tantalus Ephouskyca. This, I have already observed, is its In- dian name, the literal meaning of which has been mentioned. Ephous, or Ephaus, in the language of the Creek Indians, signifies a bird.—Nor will those who are well versed in the study of the oriental languages, fail to observe how close is.the affinity be- tween this word and the word for bird in the language of the an- cient Chaldeans: I may add, even in the Hebrew. ‘That this af- finity is not accidental, will appear more probable from what I am now to state; that the Creek and other North-American lan- guages contain many words that are most palpably derived from the Chaldaic, Hebrew, Persian, &c.*
There is no reason to believe that the Tantalus Ephouskyca has
* See my New Views, &c. Philadelphia, 1798. ever
the Tantalus Ephouskyca. 27
ever been seen in the United States, to the north of Georgia, or at least of the Carolinas. In page 293, Mr. Bartram mentions it as one of those birds which are natives of Carolina and Florida, and continue the year round in those countries. I have no doubt that we shall find our Tantalus in Cayenne, and other parts of southern America. I have elsewhere shown that the American animals have a great geographical range. B. S. Barton. Philadelphia, July 10, 1814.
E 2 VI. Obser-
( 28 )
/
VI. Observations on the Orchis mil Far of Linneus. By Mr. Eg E. Bicheno, F.L.S.
Read June 20, 1815.
Tue very near affinity which orchideous plants have to each other has rendered their separation into genera and species a mat- ter of great difficulty. Scarcely any tribe, however, has been more effectually changed,.or received greater improvements since the time of Linnæus, than this; and in support of the fact, we need only refer to the labours of Swartz in Sweden, and of Brown in our own country. No species required an elucidation more than the Orchis militaris ; for Linn:us has introduced so many varieties, and they are so badly supported by synonyms, that it is difficult, sometimes impossible, to make out what he means. It is to be feared that English botanists in general have not understood them, and that they have still further perplexed the subject. My object, therefore, on the present occasion is to point out what I conceive to be the English species, which have been called, since the time of Linnzus, by the name of Orchis militaris. Of these there are three: the Orchis fusca of Curtis; the Orchis militaris of English Botany, vol. xxvii. t. 1873; and the Orchis tephrosanthos of Willdenow and Swartz. The synonyms which I am enabled to as- certain are not numerous, because I am situated far from the rich libraries of the metropolis; but even if I could command them, I believe I should not be disposed to quote largely, since it is almost impossible to identify these plants in the old authors, un- ; i | less
-Mr. J. E. BreuzNo's Observations on the Orchis militaris. 20
less the description is accompanied with a figure. It will facili- tate our inquiries if we examine each of these species pentes beginning with aE ORCHIS FUSCA. : e
There is less difficulty in identifying this species and tracing its synonyms than in either of the other two. Linnæus, misled by the uncharacteristic and. formal figure of Dillenius in Ray's Synopsis, t. xix. f. 2. has made two varieties of it, and 3; and Hudson is the first author, adopting the Linnean system, who made it distinct under the name of purpurea. He, however, united it again with militaris in the second edition of his Flora. Jacquin clearly defined the plant; and his opinion was followed by Murray, Hoffman, Roth, Willdenow, Swartz, and most of the continental botanists. Curtis also has well distinguished it in his Flora Londinensis. Withering, in the second edition of his Ar- rangement, has made it a variety, but says he had not seenit. Sir James Smith in his excellent Flora Britannica has done the same, but has followed Linnzus too closely; and, if his synonyms be correct, bas included three English species, and we believe a fo- reign one, in his militaris : O. tephrosanthos, O. militaris, Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. £. 1873, O. variegata (the fig. 22, 23, and 24, of Vail- lant being this plant), and O. fusca. ‘The error in the first vo- . lume of English Botany, where fusca is called militaris, is cor- rected in a later volume, to which we have referred ; and another plant is admitted, though mages as the # intended by Linnæus.
The earliest notice we have of this as an English plant is to be found in Gerard, p. 166; where he informs us that it grows in many places in Kent with the Bee and the Fly Satyrions, and among the rest * upon the hills adjoining to a village named Greenhithe,” the very place referred to by James Sherard in Dil-
lenius’s Ray, and where it is frequently found at present. ‘This information
.—.0 Mr. J. E. Bicuzno’s Observations
information Gerard communicated of the Ornithophora candida, 165, or Butterfly Orchis; but the figure is Orchis fusca: and there is little doubt but that this was intended, since Johnson corrects the synonym in his edition, and complains greatly of the transposition of the figures in the chapter in which this plant stands. Caspar Bauhine, too, refers to this icon, excluding the synonym, under his Cynosorchis militaris major, which is unques- tionably our present plant. Johnson's Orchis Strateumatica, p. 215, is an improved figure, and is copied in Parkinson's Theatrum Botanicum, p. 1344. no. 6. The description of the flower is signifi- cant enough, being like the * body of a man with his hands and legs cutoff." Dillenius is the next author who takes notice of it as an English plant (for Ray does not seem to have been acquainted with its being indigenous) ; and though his figure in the Synopsis is stiff and bad, his description is appropriate— Galea obtusa atro-rubens minusque surrecta, qua nota a precedente (O. tephro- santhos) distinguitur." Vaillant, who understood the Orchidee better than any of his predecessors, has given an excellent draw- ing of the flowers of this and others nearly allied to it; but it is curious that he should attribute to its flowers an insupportable smell of the goat, while Curtis says they have a strong smell, somewhat like, but not so pleasant as, Anthoxanthum. Blackstone is the last English author of the old school, who seems to have been acquainted with it, having found it plentifully “in the old chalk- pit near the paper-mill at Harefield." Since his time it has been gathered frequently in the fine chalky districts of Kent and Middle- sex; but we do not know that it is found beyond these counties. Haller in his Hist. 4. 31, and Curtis Flor, Lond. fasc. 6. t. 04. have given superb figures of it.
This Orchis surpasses all its English congeners in size and gran- deur, and may be known by the lip of the nectary being divided into three segments, the two lateral ones being linear, and the
middle
on the Orchis militaris. 31
middle one broad, bilobed, generally with an intermediate tooth. The middle segment varies in the depth of its fissures, so that many authors have described the lip as four-cleft, and others as five-cleft; but, when this is the case, the segments are never so regularly linear as in the following species, and they are notched 4 and, besides, the petals are broader and not nearl y so acuminate.
-
Orcuis MILITARIS. Eng. Dot. t. 1873.
Though this plant is figured by the old herbalists Gerard, John- son, and Parkinson, it does not appear to have been noticed as a distinct species by any English writer, until it was taken up by Sir J. E. Smith in the 27th volume of English Botany. In this work, however, it is confounded with another, the O. tephrosanthos of Swartz. The figure which Johnson gives of it, p. 216, no. 13. is a tolerable similitude, and leaves little doubt as to what he intended. Parkinson has copied it, p. 1344, »o. 8. and has added another of a most fanciful and ridiculous kind, p. 1347, which seems to have had its origin in this species or the following. Merett in his Pinaz tells us that Mr. Brown, one of the authors of the Catalogus Oz- oniensis, and whom he calls in his preface * vir exercitatissimus et eruditissimus," found three Orchides ** near the highway from Wallingford to Reading, on Barkshire side the river.
“ 1. Orchis anthropophora autumnalis. CoL mas. C. B. et P. 1347*. The Man Orchis. OE PEDES
* 2. Orchis anthropophora oreades altera. Col. p. 318.
** 3. Orchis oreades trunco pallido, brachiis et cruribus satu- rate rubescentibus.”
The O. militaris, E. B. t. 1873 and O. tephrosanthos arc proba- bly intended by these descriptions, since the former is found at
* This reference to Bauhine I do not understand thoroughly, but suppose it to rcfer to his Orchis flore nudi hominis effigiem representans, mas.— Pin. p. 82. iiu
32 Mr. J. E. Brcneno’s Observations
the present day in the neighbourhood of Streatley and Pangbourn, answering exactly to the situation which Brown describes; and the latter is said to grow there, and at Caversham in the neigh- bourhood, on the authority of the same Mr. Brown, in Ray's Catalogus Plantarum.
Vaillant has given the figure of a flower, t. 31. f. 21. which » regards as only a variety of fusca, and says he gathered it on the same spot with O. tephrosanthos ; but we are inclined to believe it belongs to this species. Ray's Orchis anthropophora altera, Hist. Plant. 1218, seems to answer to it. From the reports we have received of the Harefield O. militaris, mentioned by Blackstone as growing with the fusca, we suspect it to belong to this species rather than to the following. Haller’s t. 28. is somewhat doubtful.
Willdenow's specific character, and consequently that of the Hortus Kewensis, does not accord with the English plant; for the middle segment cannot be called bilobed, nor are the bracteas, upon which the editor of Linnæus places his chief dependence, ob- solete. The reference to Vaillant also leads me to suspect it, t. xxxi. f. 24., as well as f. 22. and 23., being O. variegata. The bracteas, however, vary so much in shape in the dried specimens of all the three plants, from the circumstance of the point being caducous, that we ought not, perhaps, to rely too much on the character drawn from this appendage. Should Willdenow's spe- -cies be found to be distinct, it will be necessary to give our plant a new trivial name; but we leave this to be ascertained by those who have foreign specimens at hand, and who can refer to the figures which be has quoted.
The chief character of our plant is the regular linear incurved segments of the lip, which are broader than in tephrosanthos, and not notched and ragged as in fusca, but much narrower. The flowers grow in a dense spike, which old Gerard describes as ash-coloured.
: Oncurs
on the Orchis militaris. ; AK 68
ORCHIS TEPHROSANTHOS.
This plant is well figured in the first and. second editions of Gerard, p. 156, no. 1. p. 205, no. 2. though under a different name in each, and copied from them into Parkinson, p. 1344, no. 4. These | old authors, however, do not mention it as found in England. The earliest information we have of this fact, if we except the allusion to it hy Merett, already stated, is recorded in Ray's Catalogus Plan- tarum, where we learn that it was discovered by Mr. Brown on “the hills by the river Thames, near Cawsham-Bridge, a mile from Iteading, and on several other hills on the other side the water to- wards Wallingford." ‘This last habitat is omitted in the first edi- tion of the Synopsis. Ray tells us in his Journey on the Conti- nent, that he found it near Geneva, and that he had recently ob- served itin England; and yet it might be suspected that he never gathered it himself at Caversham (the modern name) in Oxford- shire, since he records the place in Gibson's Camden as being in Berkshire. It is found at present on the rising ground among the bushes to the west of the great chalk-pit facing the river Thames ; butt is an uncertain plant, like many other Orchidee, being found some years very abundantly, and then altogether as sparingly. The two habitats quoted in Flora Britannica, from Ray and Sib- thorp, for this plant, are the same spot. That this is the fephro- santhos of Willdenow there can be no doubt. It takes its trivial name from the ash-coloured spike; but this would have been equally applicable to Bauhin’s plant, Orchis galea et alis cinereis, Hist. ii. p. 755, which seems not to belong to it, though quoted by Ray, but to O. militaris of Eng. Bot. or of Willdenow.
E might have been supposed that Withering, in his second edi- tion of the Arrangement, intended our present species by his æ, since he has uniformly quoted synonyms and figures which refer
"uni XIL F to
84 Mr. J. E. Brcuexo’s Observations on the Orchis militaris.
to it; but the description is evidently drawn up from a foreign species, probably O. variegata, and the references are all trans- ferred in the succeeding edition to another variety. This is ¢ of Linneus. : |
This plant is easily known by the narrow segments of the lip, and the acuminated petals. It is a delicate, smaller plant than the other two, flowers early in May, and has a remarkably abrupt termination in the spike of flowers. The lip of the nectary is less scabrous than in either of the others. Vaillant, t. 31. f. 25. 96. has well represented the flower; but we believe that no modern figure has yet been published of this rare plant.
VII. GLYPHIS
VII. GrvPnuris and Cu1opEcToN, two new Genera of the Family
of Lichenes, with Descriptions and Figures of the Species hitherto discovered. By Erik Acharius, M.D. F.M.L.S.
Read November 21, 1815.
Posrevam fundamenta Lichenologiæ jam pridem jeci* vel vera, ut opinor, principia constitui, spem mihi facio, fore neminem rei hujus intelligentem, qui negaverit, duo hzc describenda gener, satis su perque a reliquis omnibus distincta esse.
In dies increscere coepit Lichenum tam numerus antea incog- nitarum specierum, quam de earum proprietatibus et partium formis singularibus notitia. Qus harum detectarum divitiis su- perstructa est, scientia, specierum in plura genera distributionem necessariam reddidit; quando nempe characteribus essentialibus apprime convenientibus, fixis certisque, hec determinari possunt.
Inter eas species, quarum apothecia intra singularem et e pro- pria substantia, nec a thallo formatam verrucam locata sunt T, distinctissimum inter reliqua a me stabilita, huc usque solum eminuit genus, quod Trypethelium vocaturt. Species illae nuper detectæ, quarum descriptiones et figuras Societati Linneanæ Lon-
* Lichenographia Universalis, Gôttingæ 1810 edita c. Tab. color. collatis Præmonen- dis in Synopsi mea Methodica Lichenum, jam nunc typis exscripta et mox evulganda.
t Lichenes Idiothalami Hyperogenei. Cfr. Conspectus Systemat. Lichenum in Synopsi supra memorata.
1 Monographiam hujus Generis c. Figuris dedi 1 in Actis Societ. Phytogr. Gorenkensis, vol. i. seqq.--Cfr. etiam de hoe Genere Synopsis Meth, Lichenum antea citata.
r2 dinensi
36 Dr. E. ACHARIUS on
dinensi jam offerre animum induxi, cum Trypetheliis natura et dispositione jam dictarum verrucarum et apotheciorum etiani conveniunt, sed propriis simul dignoscuntur characteribus essen- tialibus, quibus a Trypetheliis omnibus et singulis ita discedunt, ut inter hac, salvo eorum charactere generico, recipi nequeant. He note e sequentibus clarius apparebunt. !
GLYPHIS. CHARACTER GENERIS EssreNTIALIS.
RxcrPTACULUM universale crustaceo-cartilagineum p!ano-expan- sum adnatum uniforme. Partiale verrucæforme, e propria substantia colorata formatum. ApoTuEcta subcartilagi- nea subrotunda oblongiuscula elongataque supra denudata impressa vel canaliculata (atra), in singula verruca plura innata, intus homogenea. |
CHARACTER NATURALIS.
RECEPTACULUM UNIVERSALE. Thallus cartilagineo-membrana- ceus, contiguus uniformis plano-adnatus, effusus L limi- tatus. ; !
RECEPTACULUM PARTIALE. Verruca planiuscula, colore et sub- stantia propria a thallo diversa, apothecia fovens. . A po- thecia numerosa verrucæ propri: innata, ad ejus superfi- ciem denudata, aggregata l. subconfluentia, difformia (sub- rotunda, oblonga, elongato-linearia) su pra impressa, disco
À planiusculo, excavato 1. subcanaliculato, in ambitu magis
elevata submarginata, solidiuscula atra, parenchymate ho- mogeneo. |
Ogs. Singulare hoc genus, equidem tam ab Opegraphis et G yrophoris, quam a Trypetheliis distinctissimum, cum his tamen | | generibus
Glyphis and Chiodecton. | 37
generibus analogiam majorem habet quam cum reliquis e familia Idiothalamorum Lichenibus ; sed singule ejus, quotquot sunt adhuc note, vel a me nunc primum detecta species, notas quas- dam proprias et essentiales offerunt, quibus ab omnibus aliis valde recedunt. E characteribus supra datis kæ etiam facile eriuntur. - In primis vero in eo differt genus Glyphis, quod, si verrucas apothe- ciorum, ut ita dicam, vel apothecium commune respicimus, hoc nec propria nec cruste solidiori quadam membranula tectum sit,. sed esubstantia plus minus pulveracea et raro solidiuscula forma- tum, atque aliter quam thallus coloratum ; quodque ipsa apothe- cia partialia, intra verrucas jam dictas pro maxima sua parte ad superficiem verrucarum denudata sint, atque loco thalamiorum : globosorum perithecio et nucleo instructorum (ut in Trypetheliis), tota quanta e parenchymate homogeneo atro compactiori, in aqua macerato versus centrum tantisper dilutius colorato, formata : figura aliquando rotundata, sepissime oblonga, elongata ac li- . nearia, disco depresso vel canaliculato, unde eorum ambitus ele- vatus, illum quasi marginatum reddit. Itaque differt Glyphis. — . ab Opegrapha, Graphide et Gyrophora apotheciis partialibus intra propriam substantiam verruczeformem (s. apothecium quoddam commune) aggregatis et receptis, nec non horum | forma et interna structura diversa. a Trypethelio: apotheciis partialibus oblongis et linearibus, perithecio, ostiolo papillato, nucleoque destitutis. a Chiodecto: forma et textura apotheciorum partialium, atque eorum situ, presentia disci et marginis. dy Derivatur nomen generis a Graeca voce yAvgis ob apothecium commune opusculum celatum assimilans. . | Locus: inter Lichenes Idiothalamos in ordine Hyperogeneorum, post Trypethelium, == —— | ae
-
Species.
38 Dr. E. Acuartivs on
Species. 1, GrvPurs labyrinthica. Tab. II. fig. 1.
G. crusta fuscescenti-subolivacea ; pros atten verrucis ob- longis sordide albis plano-convexiusculis pulverulentis, e | disco apotheciorum elongatorum canaliculato nigro rimoso- subreticulatis,
Glyphis labyrinthica. Ach. Syao: p: 107...
Trypethelium labyrinthiforme. Ach. Sylloge n nov. Benn ad Cl. Schrader pro ejus Diario Botan. missa. ; |
Habitat in Guinea ad Sierram Leonam supra corticem arboris ignotz, quam secum adtulit Clariss. D. D. et Prof. Ap. Ar-
. ZELIUS, incolis sub nomine Duffa obvenientis.
Drscm. Crusta membranacea tenuis levigata, sed ex eminen- tiis subjacentis corticis inæquabilis, e fusco et cinereo olivacea, ite, ut videtur, et indeterminatim expansa. Verruce apotheci- orum Tarius sparse, parum supra crustam elevate subpulvinatæ; -
Se planiusculæ, rotundatæ, oblonge, curvatæ, difformes, in
ambitu integerrimæ tenuissimæ, sordide albicantes et pulvere pin suffusæ, rugis et rimis nigris frequentissimis tenuissimis profundis ramosis anastomosantibus et retieulatis secundum for- mam apotheciorum inclusorum notatæ. Apothecia longiuscula et elongata linearia, intra substantiam albicantem verrucarum abs- condita, vario modo flexuosa ibidemque confluentia, atra opaca, extus intusque e pulvere compacto solidiuscula, supra et ad su- perficiem verrucarum disco angustissimo profunde excavato ca- naliculata et inde marginibus elevatis parallelis acutiusculis, pru- ina albida verrucarum velatis, secundum longitudinem cincta, ‘Timas verrucarum nigras decussantes formantia.
Oss., Pauca tantum rarissimæ hujus speciei individua, nec nisi in unico corticis frustulo eor occurrentia inveni, licet quam-
Linn. rans Vol. JAM. Tab. p.a.
Pig.
» . Er. fF. Curis Soup.
E Acharius. ded!
Glyphis and Chiodecton. .89
quamplurimas alias cortices in eodem loco a se collectas scruti- nio meo benevole concesserit amicissimus AFzE LIUS.
Explicatio Icon. Tab. II. fig. 1.—a. Corticis frustulum hujus Lichenis crusta obductum, in quo verruce apotheciorum Sparse, magnit. nat.—b. Du: verruce supra vise multum aucte.— c. Particula thalli in quo verruca et ejus apothecia inclusa hori- zontaliter resecta repræsentantur, ut structura et color internarum harum partium videatur, magn. valde aucta.— d. Particula corticis cum crusta et verruca apotheciorum ad perpendiculum dissecta.
2. Giypuis tricosa. Tab. II. fig. 2. ;
G. crusta ferrugineo-lutescente; apotheciorum verrucis planis difformibus cinerascentibus, e disco apotheciorum elongato- rum rimoso-canaliculato rugoso-gyrosis.
Glyphis tricosa. Ach. Synops. p. 107.
Graphis tricosa. Ach. Lichenogr. Univ. in Add. p. 67A.
Habitat in India (Occid.?)ad corticem arboris ignote. Swartz.
Descr. Crusta in specimine a me viso effusa contigua carti- lagineo-membranacea læviuscula lütescenti-brunnea s. pallide- ferruginea. Verrucæ apotheciorum parum supra crustam elevate plane irregulares, intus extusque cinerascentes, maculas quasi difformes dispersas et approximatas formantes; ob copiam apo- theciorum nigrorum e cinereo et nigro variegate ac gyrose. Apo- thecia verrucis immersa figura variant subrotunda oblonga et lon- giuscula, plurima autem valde elongata linearia flexuosa, confer-. tissima, intus extusque solidiuscula atra opaca, disco concavius- culo l. rimoso-canaliculato et marginibus parum elevatis tenuio- ribus integris l. tenuissime crispis ac flexuosis, ad superficiem verrucarum prominulis nudis instructa, unde he supra rugoso- gyrosæ apparent. Extra ipsas verrucas non raro extenduntur quzdam ex apotheciis longioribus et crustam percurrunt, formam
et ambitum verrucarum perquam irregularem reddentia. Intra verrucas
40 | Dr. E. Acuartius on
verrucas apothecia confertissima aggregata et singulari modo in- vicem complicata, congeriem vermiculorum curvatorum atrorum assimilantia, nec tamen inde in hae specie concreta vel confluen- tia ut in Glyphide labi yrinthica,
Oss. Fugitivis oculis inspecta similitudinem quamdam habet hzcce species cum Trypethelio anomalo, inque ejusdem arboris cortice obveniente, sed attentius examinata facile ab hoc dignos- citur. Præsentia verrucarum propriarum et natura apotheciorum quantum ab Opegraphis, Graphidibus et Gyrophoris discedat nos- tra species unicuique patet.
Explic. Icon. "lab. IF. fig. 9. a. Crusta et verrucæ quzdam hujus speciei in corticis frustulo, magn. naturali.—b. Particula crust resccta cum apotheciorum verrucis binis supra adspectis, magn. aucta.—c. Verruca alia in particula cruste una cum apo- diede inclusis horizontaliter dissecta, ut harum conformatio intra cam conspici queat.—d. Sectio perpendicularis verruce cum apotheciis, crusta et corticis. Tigg. c. et d. magnopere auctze,
3. Guyputs cicatricosa. Tab. II. fig. 3.
G. crusta fuscesceuti-cinerea nigro-limitata ; apotheciorum ver- rucis cinerascenti-nigris in ambitu subcrenatis cinereoque marginatis planis, e disco apotheciorum latiori subrotundo elongatoque concaviusculo cicatricosis. '
Glyphis cicatricosa. Ach. Synops. p. 107.
Trypethelium cicatricosum. Ach. in supra dicta Sylloge.
Habitat in Guinea ad corticem Codarii Solandri V Aur. (Dialü guineensis WiLLD. Sp. Pl.) aliarumque arborum ibidem cres- centium.
Descr. Crusta tenuis membranacea levigata e fusco cine- rascens, in statu perfecto lineola nigra serpentina limitata. Ver- ruce apotheciorum sparsæ parve, parum a crusta elevatæ planæ
intus
. insigniter aucta.
Glyphis and Chiodecton. ål
intus extusque nigricantes vel obscure cinereæ colidiusculæ, in ambitu plerumque lobato-crenatz et e pruina cinerea ibidem sor- dide albicantes, per ætatem vero evanescente. Apothecia ipsa fere tota intra parenchyma verrucarum abscondita, solo disco ad earum superficiem perceptibili, minus numerosa quam in reliquis speciebus, latiora et breviora quam in duabus præcedentibus, jam subrotunda, jam oblonga et vix unquam triplo longiora quam lata, atque sub hac forma parum curvata, disco aliquantum depresso l. concaviusculo, margine obtuso tantillum elevato inte- gerrimo cincto; quam ob caussam verruce supra quasi cicatrici- bus nigris inustis notatæ videntur. Eleganter et in modum rosulæ in quamplurimis verrucis dispositi observantur apotheciorum disci, uno scilicet centrali et ceteris circumcirca hunc coronantibus. Oss. Quoad habitum prope accedit ad Glyphidem favulosam, sed criteriis essentialibus ab ea prorsus diversa species manet: ut Trypethelii speciem in supra memorata Sylloge, cum Cl. Schrader communicata, inter alias etiam hanc dubitanter recensui. Explic. Icon. Tab. II. fig. 3.—a. Pars rami Codarii cum crusta et apotheciis hujus speciei, magnit. naturali. (In eodem ramo - ad * delineata etiam occurrit Graphis tenella, nova species in Synopsi Lichen. p. 81, descripta.)—b. Lichenis crusta et apo- thecia in suis verrucis supra visa, magn. aucta.—c. et d. Verruce apotheciorum seorsim cum particula crustæ cui adnascuntur de- sumtæ, supra vise et magnopere auctæ, quarum una apothecia offert ad verruce superficiem subrotundata et oblonga concavi- uscula atque inde marginata in formam rosule disposita ; altera vero (d.) apothecia longiora et curvata absque ordine aggregata. —e. Sectio horizontalis ejusmodi verrucæ, apotheciorum formam et dispositionem intra substantiam verruce exhibens.—f. Ver- rucæ et apotheciorum inclusorum sectio perpendicularis, magn.
VOL. XII. G 4. GLYPHIS
LÀ
42 | | Dr. E. AcHARIUS 0n
4. Grvrurs favulosa. Tab. IIT. fig. 1. G. crusta albicante nigro-limitata ; apotheciorum verrucis ro-
tundatis planiusculis nigris glauco-pruinosis margine cine-
rascentibus, e disco apotheciorum suborbiculari excavato cicatricosis. Glyphis favulosa. ‘Ach. Synops. p. 107. "Trypethelium. favulosum a me pridem appellatum, tam in Actis —. Gorenkens. vol. 1. quan in Sylloge Lichen. Novor. su ! rata. ag m . Habitat i in America ad corticem Crotonis Cascarille. ` Descr. Crusta cartilaginea, crassior quam in antecedentibus speciebus, contigua laevigata, ex eminentiis et fissuris corticis sub- jacentis parum ineequabilis ac diffracta, sordide albescens, sub- inde pulvere albo adspersa, per ætatem e pallido-cinerascens vel parum fuscescens, i in ambitu irregularis, lineola nigra repanda et
serpentina in statu perfecto limitata. Verruce apotheciorum su-
pra crustam prominentes, subrotundæ oblongæ difformes, juni- ores convexæ pulvere albo-cinerascente l. glaucescente adspersæ, vetustiores planæ latiores; margine elevato subintegro utpluri- mum cinereo-pulverulento cincte, substantia interna carbonacea. Apotheciaverrucis innata subrotunda aut aliquando oblongiuscula, ad superficiem verrucarum quamplurima aggregata, supra exca- vata, in ambitu elevata, unde distincte marginata apparent, foveo- lasque nigras seu cicatrices in superficie verrucarum efformant. Ogs. Descriptio in Actis Gorenkens. ob specimina minus bona,
utpote vitiosa, secundum jam datam corrigi debet. Iconem no- |
vam etiam nunc dedi, quum forte incendio Moscoviz deleta est, qua ibidem incideretur.—Afänitas multa hujus speciei est cum Glyphide cicatricosa, a qua tamen abunde differt cruste natura ac colore, verrucis multo majoribus magis elevatis, nec non apo-
theciis in his numerosioribus.
Faplic.
Linn Trans Vol AN. 725.3 p. 42,
E. Acharius del J. Curtis scudp s
Glyphis and Chiodecton. 43
Explic. iain Tab. IIT. fig. 1.—a. Lichen in cortice Cascarille, magn. naturali—b. Crustz frustum cum verrucis quibusdam, magn. aucta.—oc. Verruca solitaria, supra visa, insigniter aucta. —d. Sectio horizontalis verrucæ, substantiam ejus et apotheci- orum inclusorum internam ostendens, magn. valde aucta.—e. Ver- ruca cum parte subjacente cor ticis ad perpendiculum dissecía sub . augmento adhuc majori.
CHIODECTO SN.
CHARACTER Generis ESsENTIALIS.
RECEPTACULUM universale crustaceo-cartilagineum plano-expan- sum adnatum uniforme. Partiale verrucæforme e propria substantia colorata (alba) formatum. AroruHrcra sub- pulveracea subglobosa (atra), plura singulis verrucis in- clusa subconfluentia, alia ad earum superficiem instar punctorum elevatorum notabilia.
CHARACTER NATURALIS.
RECEPTACULUM UNIVERSALE. Thallus cartilagineo-membrana- ceus, contiguus uniformis plano-adnatus, effusus 1. limita- tus. ae
RECEPTACULUM PARTIALE. Verruca convexa l. sphærica, co- lore (albo) et substantia propria a thallo diversa, apothecia
includens. Apothecia numerosa subglobosa, plurima intra substantiam verrucæ propriæ nidulantia aggregata et con- fluentia, alia pauciora ad ejus superficiem in modum papil- larum punctiformium subprominentia, intus extusque sub- pulveracea atra. :
G 2 Oss.
4A Dr. E. Acnartus on
Oss. Verrucas apotheciorum hujus generis si spectemus, na- tura sua a Trypetheliorum et Glyphidum parum recedunt; sed si formam et indolem apotheciorum inclusorum consideremus, lizec in Chiodecti speciebus diversissima sunt et notas characteristicas validissimas essentiales offerunt, quibus hocce genus ab his et aliis satis distinctum sese præbet. Quoad verrucas ipsas, in notis spe- ciebus, coloris sunt extus intusque albissimi et substantia earum bombycino-pulveracea. Intra hanc apothecia nidulantur minu- ta subglobosa vel parum difformia suboblonga, homogenea sub- pulverace atra, nullum nuclei seu parenchymatis solidioris textu- ram offerentia, tamen maceratione in aqua ad earum centrum substantia aliquantum pellucidior in Chiodecto seriali observata est; de cætero in hac specie quasi concatenata, in altera ad cen- trum verrucz adeo congesta ut massam pulveraceam simul sumta constituant. Versus superficiem verrucarum quadam etiam lo- cata observantur apothecia, has supra quasi nigro-punctatas red- dentia atque admodum spectabiles. Differt adeo Chiodecton
a Trypethelio, Porina, Thelotremate et Variolaria, absentia tha-
lamii veri, nam neque perithecii et ostioli, neque nuclei vesti- gia in ejus apotheciis observantur,—in specie a tribus ultimis generibus: Verruca apotheciorum e propria nec e thalli sub- stantia formata. |
a Glyphide: situ, forma, et natura apotheciorum, nec disco
nec margine instructorum atque omnino intra substantiam verrucarum nidulantium—a reliquis cognatis Lichenum Ge- neribus, ut supra monui, presentia apothecii communis seu verrucz, a thallo haud formate, Chiodectis, Glyphidibus et Trypetheliis solis solemnis, nec non forma et indole apothe- ciorum partialium.
A Greca voce xro» receptaculum et x^; albus nomen generis composui. |
Locus:
Glyphis and Chiodecton. 45
Locus: inter Lichenes Idiothalamos in ordine Hyperogeneorum
post Glyphidem. Species. 1. Curopecron spherale. Tab. III. fig. 2.
C. crusta effusa lacteo-pallescente tenuissime tuberculosa ; apo- theciorum verrucis subglobosis albissimis, apotheciis intus ad centrum earum in massam confluentibus.
Chiodecton sphærale. Ach. Synops. p. 108. |
Trypethelium pulcherrimum. Ach. in supra dicta Sylloge.
Habitat in America ad corticem Cinchone flave dictae.
Descr. Crusta cartilagineo-membranacea effusa (uti videtur) lactea seu pallescens,e verruculis confertis albidioribus (forte initia apotheciorum communium) inzequabilis. Verruce apotheciorum frequenter subglobosæ |. parum compress: albissime Jævigatæ, punctis plurimis atris, (a totidem apotheciis, in superficie verru- carum subprominulis, ortis) supra notate. Apothecia numerosis- sima minuta subglobosa intus extusque homogenea subpulveru- lenta atra opaca, intra verrucas nidulantia, et juxta superficiem earum sparsa, et, quoad maximam partem, versus centrum con- gregata ibidem confluentia et massam atram simnl sumta effor- mantia.
Explic. Icon. Tab. III. fig: 2.—a. Hujus Lichenis crusta cum apotheciis in corticis frustulo, magn. naturali.—b. Particula Li- chenis, magn. aucta.—c. Verruca fertilis separata a la tere visa, multum aucta.—d. Alia supra adspecta, cincta partic a crustæ verrucosæ, sub eodem augmento.—e. Verruca ad perpendiculum
et.—f. Alia horizontaliter resecta, structuram et dispositionem Mc onu intra has i Apes verrucas representantes, magn. valde aucta.
2, Curopecrox seriale. Tab. III. fig. 3
C. crusta flavo-fuscescente levigata nigro-limitata ; apothe-
ciorum
46 | Dr. E. Acn ARIUS on
ciorum verrucis oblongo-difformibus convexiusculis, apothe- ciis intus per series subconcatenatis. - :
Chiodecton seriale. Ach. Synops. p. 108. 2 |
Trypethelium paradoxum. Ach. in Act. Soc. Phytogr. Gorenk.
vol. i. c. figg. inque Sylloge Novor. Lich. ;
Habitat in America supra corticem Bonplandie trifoliate
WiLrp. (vulgo Angusture dictam.)
Descr. Crusta cartilagineo-membranacea lzviuscula, e sub- jacentis corticis irregularitate parum inæquabilis seu eminentiis levibus notata et diffracto-rimosa, sordide flavescens, linea serpen- tina nigra determinata. Verrucæ apotheciorum sparse, primo a crusta membranula subvelate apparent, sed sæpissime denu- date occurrunt, parum supra crustam elevate ac convexiusculæ, demum planæ, albissimæ byssaceo-pulverulentæ, juniores ob- longs magis regulares, vetustiores difformes margine subrepande. Apethecia oblongo-spheroidea minuta subpulveracea vel in cen- tro parum solidiora atra, et ad verrucarum superficiem sparsa, quam nigro-punctatam reddunt absque signo papillæ genuine, et intra substantiam verrucarum seriatim disposita, flavedine quadam parenchymatis verruce plus minus evidente circumdata.
Oers. Descriptionem speciei, que in Actis Gorenk. l. c. ha- betur, heic emendatam et correctiorem tradere debui, postquam de partium natura et de genere ipso magis illustrati sumus. Sub vitris compositis maxime augentibus nullum intra apothecia partialia nucleum verum detegere potui, quare etiam dubitanter ad Trypethelii genus ibidem retuli, et licet apotheciorum verrucæ et apothecia ipsa iconibus ad augmentum factis antea in Actis hisce illustrata sunt, tamen superfluum esse non putavi, harum partium figuras iterum fideliter tradere, ut comparatio specierum evidentior fieret, in primis dum. adhuc nescimus, an sub incendio Moscoviæ perierunt Societ. Gorenkens, Acta.
Explic.
*
Glyphis and Chiodecton. 47
Explic. Icon. Tab. II. fig. 3.—a. Crusta Lichenis cum apothe- ciis in corticis frustulo, magn. naturali.—b. Eædem partes magn. aucta.—c. et d. Verruce apotheciorum solitariæ cum parte crus- tæ ambientis supra visa, magn. multum aucta, quarum prima (c.) verrucam juniorem integriusculam exhibet, ex apotheciis in ejus superficie subprominulis nigro-punctatam—secunda (d.) etate provectiorem et supra omnino denudatam magisque deformem, in qua etiam apothecia fere tota denudata occurrunt.—e. Ver- ruca alia horizontaliter resecta, formam et dispositionem subcon- catenatam apotheciorum intra ejùs substantiam exponens.
VIII. On
( 48 )
i
VIII. On the Power of Sarracenia adunca to entrap Insects. In Letter to Sir James E. Smith, Pres. Linn. Soc., from James Ma bride, M.D. of South Carolina.
Read December 19, 1815. SIR,
Your remarks on the ceconomy of the Sarracenie in your Intro- duction to Botany, led me to think of making this communication ; and I was emboldened to undertake it from having observed in your prefatory remarks on the study of this science, a spirit of pe- culiar liberality and disinterestedness. M y object is to lay before you the result of my observations on the insect-destroying-process carried on by the tubular leaves of these plants.
It will hardly be necessary to inform you that the Sarracenia flava and S. adunca (S. minor of Walter, and S. variolaris of Mi- chaux,) grow in the flat country of this state in great abundance. With the latter my experiments have been chiefly conducted. If, in the months of May, June, or July, when the leaves of these plants perform their extraordinary functions in the greatest per- fection, some of them be removed to a house and fixed in an erect position, it will soon be perceived that flies are attracted by them. These insects immediately approach the fauces of the leaves, and leaning over their edges appear to sip with eagerness something from their internal surfaces. In this position they linger; but at length, allured as it would seem by the pleasure of taste, they enter the tubes. The fly which has thus changed its situation, will be seen to stand unsteadily, it totters for a few seconds, slips,
and
Dr. James Macnnrpz on Sarracenia adunca. 49
and falls to the bottom of the tube, where it is either drowned, or attempts in vain to ascend against the points of the hairs, The fly seldom takes wing in its fall and escapes; but this sometimes happens, especially where the hood has been removed to assist observation. In a house much infested by flies, this entrapment goes on so rapidly that a tube is filled in a few hours, and it be- comes necessary to add water, the natural quantity being insuf- ficient to drown the imprisoned insects. The leaves of the S. adunca and S, rubra of Walter might well be employed as fly- : catchers; indeed I am credibly informed they are in some neigh- bourhoods. The leaves of the flava, although they are very capa- cious, and often grow to the height of three feet or more, are never found to contain so many insects as the leaves of the species above mentioned. The spreading fauces and erect appendices of the leaves of this species render them (I suppose) less destruc- tive. |
The cause which attracts flies is evidently a sweet viscid sub- stance*, resembling honey, secreted by, or exuding from, the in- ternal surface of the tube. On splitting a leaf it may readily be discovered in front, just below the margin, and in greatest quan- tity at the termination of the ala ventralis. From the margin, where it commences, it does not extend lower than one-fourth of an inch. During the vernal and summer months it is very per- ceptible to the eye and touch ; and although it may be s not discoverable by either, yet the sensation of swi tn dily perceived on applying the tongue to this portion of surface. In warm and dry weather it becomes inspissated, resembling a whitish membrane. Dow a ab ae a A
* This substance it seems was noticed by Bartram the younger (see the Preface to his Travels). I was entirely ignorant of his conjectures respecting it, until long after 1 had proved their correctness.
VOL. XII. H The
MISSOURI . BOTANICAL . GARDEN. -
50 Dr. Jauzs MACBR1DE on the Power of
The falling of thé insect as soon as it enters the tube is wholly attributable to the downward or inverted position of the hairs of the internal surface of the leaf. At the bottom of a tube, split open, the hairs are plainly discernible pointing downwards; and as the eye ranges upwards they become gradually shorter and at- tenuated, till at, or just below, the surface covered with the bait, they are no longer perceptible to the naked eye, nor to the most delicate touch. It is here that the fly cannot take a hold suffi- ' ciently strong to support itself, but falls. The inability of insects to crawl up against the points of the hairs I have often tested in the most satisfactory manner. Spiders descend into the tubes, to prey (I suppose) on the entrapped insects, and ascend with impu- nity ; but this is performed, as.I have witnessed, by the assistance of their threads. Also a small species of Phalena* appears to take shelter in these tubes during the day, and is enabled to ascend ; but by what contrivance I am at a loss to conjecture; unless it be by some peculiarity of structure in its feet. E
- In the putrid masses of insects thus collected, are always to be seen one or more maggots in a very active state. To account for their presence, and to ascertain the insect to which they be- longed, I was long unable. The mystery was however unveiled in the following manner: While watching attentively some tall tubes of the S. flava growing in their natural situations, in order to discover whether other insects as well as flies were attracted by the bait above described, a large fly caught my attention: it passed rapidly from one tube to another, delaying scarcely a mo- ment at the faux of each, until it found, as it should seem, one
* This Phalena, which is about half an inch in length, may be deseribed by saying it is divided transversely into three equal parts; the first division including the head is black ; the second dirty white, or yellow ; the third is like the first: Larva a greenish geo- metra,
suitable
Sarracenia adunca to entrap Insects, | 51
suitable to its purpose ; then hanging its posterior extremity over the margin, it ejected on the internal surface of the tube a larva with a black head, which immediately proceeded downwards by a brisk vermicular motion. This viviparous musca was more than double the size of the common house-fly, had a reddish head, and the body hairy, and streaked grayish. I had often noticed it. be- fore among the S. adunce, but could never ascertain its object ; the hoods probably obstructing my view. | 3
That insects may be found in these tubes which were not al- lured by the bait, I have well ascertained. At the time that 1- discovered the origin of the larvæ, I observed a beetle (Scarabeus carnifex, a herd being near) in its flight strike against the erect ap- pendage of the S. flava and fall into the tube. In the leaves of the S. adunca, growing on the margin of a large pool, I once observed the fragments of a large Gryllus and several Gyrini. These and similar appearances have led me to suspect that our large Nepa*, an extremely voracious insect, may occasionally use these tubes as storehouses. The hooked feet of this last insect would doubt- less enable it to ascend against the inverted pubescence.
What purposes beneficial to the growth of these plants may be effected by the putrid masses of insects, I have never ascertained ; but I learn from a hint given in the article Dionæa, in Rees’s Cyclopedia, that it has been discovered that the air evolved is wholesome to the plants. I once entertained a suspicion that this air might be of such a deleterious nature as to cause the precipitation of thé insects exposed to it, but I have long since relinquished it as entirely groundless.
* Very nearly allied to Nepa grandis of South America. It is very strong, and often destroys the Spring Frog. It inserts the claws of the two fore-feet into one of the frog's . hind legs, and with the claws of its hind feet it grapples rice-stubble, or some aquatic . plant; the frog unable to disengage itself becomes exhausted by struggling.
n-2 ! The
54 On the Nature and Formation of the Stone incrusting
coquillages marins alternativement submergés et exposés a la chaleur du soleil, mais bien celle de ce liquide saturé.de soude et de chaux muriatées et sujets à une évaporation que la tempé- rature du climat nécessite.
De l'évaporation des liquides qui tiennent des solides en solu- tion, résulte naturellement la précipitation de ces derniers. Mais comme il importe fort peu de considérer ici le corps précipité quant à la forme qu'il peut affecter en pareil cas, nous nous bor- nerons à observer, que les débris agglutinés des coquillages ma- rins, infiltrés par l'eau de la mer, que la chaleur du soleil évapore sans cesse, recoivent entre leurs interstices la chaux et la soude muriatées que ce liquide dissolvait, que la précipitation et une certaine adhérence de ces sels, envers ces débris agglutinés des coquilles, ont du déterminer une réunion plus. parfaite de ces derniers, en devenant eux-mémes parties constituantes de la masse pierreuse qui en.est résultée par la suite. Examinons maintenant ce produit de la nature à l'endroit de son gisement et de sa formation. : :
La configuration et le rapport des masses sont certainement les premiers caractères qui doivent être spécifiés; mais ici nulle forme régulière ou constante ne se laisse appercevoir; nul rap- port de position ou de nature ne parait exister entre le minéral dont il est question et les autres minéraux dont il est environné. Les débris agglutinés des coquilles auxquels ce premier doit sa formation figurent ordinairement à leur surface les ondulations de la mer, résultát de linfluence des marées ascendantes sur ces mémes débris d'abord réunis par une faible adhérénce. | L'espéce de pierre qui provient de leur réunion est bien évidemment de formation nouvelle, et nous pouvons méme dire journalière, ainsi que l'on peut s'en convaincre aisément sur le lieu.
Il n'est pas difficile de reconnaitre ni méme de distinguer à T
vue
the Skeletons found in the Island of Guadaloupe. 55
vue simple les premiers matériaux dont cette pierre est composée; il est évident, au contraire, qu'elle doit sa formation aux débris des coquillages marins qui se sont réunis, ainsi que nous l'avons déjà dit, .par l'interméde de la chaux et de la soude muriatées déposées entre leurs interstices.
Une adhérence trés-faible et presque nulle caractérise le pre- mier état d'agrégation des débris des coquillages marins, et nous oblige à ne considérer leur réunion que comme un État d'agglu- tination, en la définissant de la manière suivante :
La Agrégat par agglutination, à gros grains, très-poreux et très- friable.
Une agglutination plus intime, ou une adhérence, toutefois indirecte*, réunit les débris des coquillages marins un une masse beaucoup moins fragile, qui peut étre spécifiée par la dénomina- tion de e
2. Agrégat par adhérence à gros grains, poreux et non friable ; =- composé de chaux muriatée, de soude muriatée, et des débris des coquillages marins. Le troisième état de réunion de ces mêmes débris se URSS E la définition de |
3. A grégat adhérent, compacte, ou à grains resserrés de même nature que le précédent. |
- Une adhérence plus parfaite de ces débris des coquilles, dans laquelle les parties hétérogènes réunies se trouvent confondues en un tout ou une masse à peu près homogène, peut admettre la co-
* Nous disons indirecte parcequ'il est démontré que les débris des coquillages marins ne sont point réunis par une adhérence réciproque, mais bien par l'adhérence intermédiaire
de la soude et de la chaux muriatées pour ces mêmes débris. hérence
5G On the Nature and Formation of the Stone incrusting
hérence pour définition. Ainsi nous déterminerons ce quatrième état par les caractères de
4. Agrégat cohérent, de méme nature que le dernier, d'un gris jau- nátre, d'une saveur légèrement salée ; semi-transparent sur les bords seulement ; rayé par le verre, et rayant la chaux fluatée ; répandant une odeur animale par le frottement ; inphosphorescent ; fortement sonore ; réductible en chaux vive ; soluble en entier et avec une forte effervescence dans l'acide nitrique dilué.
C'est sous ce quatrième état que les débris des coquillages marins réunis peuvent admettre la dénomination de pierre, et se ranger parmi les autres minéraux sous le nom d’agrégat composé de chaux carbonatée unie à la chaux et à la soude muriatées. Mais, outre que cette espece de pierre se distingue, en admettant dans sa formation ces deux derniers sels, des concrétions calcaires car- bonatées,. que nous fournissent les lithophites et quelquefois les -zoophites, elle se caractérise encore par un degré de dureté, que nous venons de déterminer par sa propriété de rayer la chaux fluatée, et par une pesanteur spécifique beaucoup plus grande que celle de la chaux carbonatée ordinaire.
Il ne sera, sans doute, pas hors de propos de donner mainte- nant une courte énumération des différens vers testacés, dont nous avons pu reconnaître les dépouilles, puisque de cette ma- nière nous indiquerons les coquillages marins, dont les débris d'abord agglutinés, bientôt adhérens et enfin cohérens, ont pro- duit l'espéce de pierre dont nous venons de retracer tous les ca- ractères ;. ceci nous menera encore à connaître les diverses incrus- tations que l'on peut rencontrer dans cette pierre par de plus am- ples recherches ; mais il conviendra aussi de faire observer que cette énumération locale ne peut donner qu'une idée trés-bornée de là Conchyliologie des Antilles.
Le
the Skeletons found in the Island of Guadaloupe. 57
Le genre Cyprea de Linné se fait connaitre par les espéces suivantes : Le Cyprea Pediculus. --— stercoraria.
Exanthema et Zebra.
Ces deux dernières espèces ne sont suivant Bruguieres que la méme coquille plus ou moins avancée en áge. Parmi les Buccins l'on trouve
Le Buccinum cornutum. Perdix. Dolium. |
Dans les autres genres l'on rencontre la Voluta Oliva; le Mu- rex ramosus; la Bulla Ampulla; la Bulla gibbosa; la Nerita versi- color; la Nerita peloronta; le Strombus Lambis; le Turbo Pica: le Trochus niloticus, et plusieurs espèces de Patella. i
Toutes ces coquilles, ainsi que tous les corps qui se trouvaient interposés parmi leurs débris concassés, ont du nécessairement s'y incruster, du moment que ces débris se sont agglutinés. C'est pourquoi l'on y rencontre aujourd'hui, outre ces différens coquil- lages marins, quelques coquilles terrestres, des morceaux de po- terie ou de terre cuite, des haches en pierre, instrumens dont sé servaient les naturels du pays; des ossemens humains isolés, et méme des squelettes entiers plus ou moins bien conservés. —
Non seulement la nature de tous ces objets n'est point altérée, mais de plus les coquilles se trouvent incrustées sans avoir perdu leur nacre et leurs couleurs. C'est donc à tort que l'on a vulgaire- ment confondu jusqu'à ce jour l'incrustation de ces substances avec celles que l'on désigne communément sous le nom de pétrifi- cations. / Gi
YOL. XII. I SUR
58 On the Origin of
SUR LORIGINE DES SQUELETTES.
Les apparences nous portent à présumer d'abord, que les sque- lettes que l'on trouve au bord de la mer à l'est du bourg du Moule, sont les charpentes d'autant de cadavres déposés dans ce lieu. Nos premieres observations nous autorisaient d'autant plus à adhérer à cette opinion, que le squelette* que nous cherchons à extraire aujourd'hui se trouve dans une position qui paraitrait confirmer ce que nous avons avancé à ce sujet.
Les anciens du quartier prétendent néanmoins que cette opi- nion est mal fondée ; ils nous assurent, que cet endroit, ot l'on a découvert successivement différens squelettes, était autrefois un carbet; que ce carbet fut également habité par des Indiens de deux nations différentes, dont les uns connus sous le nom de Caraibes étaient des hommes petits ou de moyenne grandeur, peu robustes, ayant les cheveux noirs assez longs; et le teint d'un brun assez foncé. Les Galibis, au contraire, qui formaient l'autre nation de ces Indiens, étaient d'une stature extraordinaire de six pieds au moins, trés-forte ; ils avaient également les cheveux noirs et très longs, mais le teint de ces derniers était d'un jaune olivátre, méme un peu basané.
La plüpart des habitans du quartier du Moule s'accordent à ad- mettre la co-existence de deux nations d'Indiens, méme jusqu'à une époque bien postérieure à la découverte des colonies: quelques uns d'entreux ajoutent: que les Galibis habitaient une partie du quartier du Moule, le quartier du Port-Louis, et l'Anse Ber- trand, tandis que les Caraibes occupaient le quartier de St. Anne, celui de St. François, et une partie de celui du Moule, où la
* For an account of this skeleton, see Philosophical Transactions for the year 1814, p. 107.
rivière
the Skeletons found. 59
rivière servait de ligne de démarcation convenue entre ces deux peuples.
Quoique ces différens rapports ne soient point denués de vrai- semblance ou de probabilité, ils ne font toutefois point mention de l'époque à laquelle il faut remonter, pour retrouver ces deux classes différentes d'Indiens, ni du tems présumable de leur di- spersion, émigration, ou déstruction.
Un particulier, homme digne de foi, nous assure cependant, ` que la déstruction de ce carbet et la dispersion des Indiens qui lhabitaient ne remontent point à une époque très-reculée. Il nous dit: que son père, qui mourut à un âge très-avancé, lui a raconté maintefois, non seulement, qu'il avait eu connaissance du carbet, que l'on dit avoir existé dans ce lieu, et des deux sectes d'Indiens qui l'habitaient, mais qu'il se rappellait de plus, que vers les années 1710 et 1711, une rixe s'était élevée entre les ha- bitans de ce carbet, et que les deux nations entiéres intervinrent dans cette querelle. Un combat eut lieu dans ce-méme endroit, ajouta le vieillard, et un grand massacre s'ensuivit. Les Galibis furent battus et dispersés, tandis que les Caraibes vainqueurs res- tèrent maîtres du champ de bataille. Il se fit sans doute alors une émigration des Galibis qui survecurent à cette triste défaite, car il ne fut plus mention d'eux depuis cette époque. 58°
Ce même vieillard raconta encore à son fils, qu'il s'était rendu sur le lieu quelque tems après cet évènement, et qu'il vit quinze à vingt cadavres étendus sur le carreau. Les squelettes de ces cadavres furent encore reconnus il y à quarante ans environ par le particulier qui nous a fourni ces renseignemens, ainsi que par plusieurs habitans du Moule: A cette époque, ces squelettes commençaient à s'incruster dans les débris agglutinés des coquilles dont toute la cóte est meublée. Ce particulier observe toutefois
I2 que
60 On the Origin of
que l'on pouvait alors en détacher ces squelettes au moyen d'un simple morceau de bois. |
La position dans laquelle l'on a trouvé de nos jours, dans cet endroit, des squelettes incrustés dans la pierre, paraitrait dévoir nous éclairer, quant à la vérité des faits que nous venons d'ex- poser. Il n’y aque quelqués années, qu'un squelette fut déterré et enlevé avec une pierre d'incrustation, de formation nouvelle - (ainsi que l'on pouvait en juger par l'extréme friabilité de cette pierre). Ce squelette* fut trouvé dans la position d'un homme assis à terre et dont les talons rapprochés du rectum ramenaient les genoux à une trés grande proximité de la téte; les bras un peu repliés sur eux mémes étaient appuyés sur les genoux. Ce genre de sépulture a été, dit-on, celui adopté de tout tems par les Caraibes; nous ne pouvons donc rien inférer de l'exposition de ce fait. Le squelette dont nous surveillons aujourd'hui l'extrac- tion est étendu sur le dos dans toute sa longueur, et parait un
u incliné sur le cóté gauche. 1l serait encore difficile ici de pouvoir déduire une conséquence dont nous puissions étre satis- faits, et de prouver que le cadavre auquel ce squelette a appartenu n'ait point été enterré de cette maniere. ‘Tout ce que l'on peut conclure de la différente position des deux squelettes dont il vient d'étre parlé, c'est qu'en admettant, qu'ils aient reçu l'un et l'autre Ja sépulture, ils paraissent avoir appartenu à des individus de na- tion différente, ou chez qui les usages différaient à l'égard de l'in- humation. | |
Il convient donc encore de nous en rapporter ici à la tradition ; des témoins oculaires s'accordent à attester, que les différens squelettes qui se trouvaient au bord de la mer, à l'endroit du
_* Voyez L'Histoire Naturelle et Morale des Isles Antilles de l'Amérique. Rotterdam,
1658, 4to. p. 310. t carbet,
the Skeletons found. 61
carbet, étaient dispersés; que des membres étaient épars, et que la position de ces squelettes n'était nullement analogue à celle que l'on pourrait supposer à des cadavres enterrés, d'autant plus qu'elle n'était point la méme partout. Des ossemens isolés se trouvent encore aujourd'hui sur le méme lieu; des arcs, des fleches, des haches ont également été trouvés à différentes époques par les habitans du quartier.
Au Moule, ce 15 Avril 1806.
í
"a
( 62 )
>
X. Descriptions of a new Genus of Plants named A aujia, and of a new Species of Passiflora. By Felix de Avellar Brôtero, Professor of Botany in the University of Coimbra, F.M.L.S.
Read November 7, 1815.
ETNAUIIA CHARACTER GENERICUS.
Carvx magnus, profunde quinquepartitus, persistens. Corolla campanulata, basi subglobosa, quinquegibba, tubo infra me- dium coarctato, limbo quinquefido. Nectaria sacculi quinque gibbosi, in fundo corollæ inter antherarum filamenta decurren- tia, in quorum decursu squama horizontalis et auricula termi- nalis. Styli duo brevissimi; Stigma utrisque commune ovatum, apice bicorni. Folliculi duo oppositi, deorsum flexi, coriaceo- fungosi, subovales, semi-biloculares: dissepimento eorum ad centrum, seu medium, protenso, utrinque multilamellato. Se- mina numerosa, lamellis dissepimenti adhærentia, coma longa sericiformi coronata.
ARAUJIA SERICOFERA.
A. caule fruticoso, scandente; foliis cordatis, integerrimis, gla- bris, ad petioli apicem glandulosis ; racemis paucifloris. Radix perennis, ramosa, serpens. . Caulis fruticosus, debilis, scandens, teres, glaber, inferne penne anserinæ superne gallinaceæ crassitudine, tres quatuorve pedes et
M. Bnorkno's Descriptions of anew Genus named Araujia, &c. 63
et ultra longus, succo lacteo refertus, (uti flores, fructus, et tota planta,) ramosus, ramis glabris, junioribus subtomentosis, op- positis, patentibus, interdüm uno ex ipsis in oppositione abor-
tiente, aut serius pullulante, nec paucis ad idem latus sursüm reversis.
Folia opposita, oblongo-cordata, acuta, patentia, (nonnulla inter- dùm secunda,) venosa, integerrima, suprà saturate viridia, gla- bra, basi prope petioli apicem duabus tribusve glandulis mini- mis instructa, subtüs dilutè viridia, seu subglauca, glabra, sed lente visa subtomentosa, tres quatuorve uncias longa, novem ad quatuordecim lineas in basi lata: petiolus subteres, suprà canaliculatus, glaber, aut lente visus vii tates triplo quadruplove folii laminá brevior.
Flores racemosi; racemi penduli, simplices, pauciflori, quorum flores plures sæpè abortivi; inferiores floribus quinque ad sep- tem alii versus caulis ramorumque apicem numero florum sen- sim decrescentes. Pedunculus communis extüs è latere axillæ foliorum exortus, teres, glaber, patens aut cernuus, semi-unci- am plus minüsve longus, partialibus brevior: Pedicellus infimi floris uni majori bractez oppositus unciam aut pauló ultra lon- gus, uti quoque pedicellus terminalis ; alii breviores, ex brac- tearum oppositarum axillis exorti, et non raró infra medium duabus aliis bracteis minoribus oppositis instructi. Bractee omnes sessiles, lanceolate, integerrimæ, utrinque glabrae, viri- des, patulae.
Cal. Perianthium monophyllum, magnum, ita profundé quinque- partitum, ut ferè pentaphyllum videatur, persistens ; laciniis
' Jato-lanceolatis, acutis, integerrimis, utrinque glabris et dilute viridibus aut interdàm extüs sordidé subpurpureis, primdm erecto-patulis, dein patentibus, altitudine inter sese æqualibus,
rariüs.
64 M. Bnorzno's Descriptions of a new Genus named Araujia,
rariüs latitudine subæqualibus, corolla brevioribus, quinque ad septem lineas longis, tres ad quinque in medio latis.
Corolla monopetala, campanulata; inferné subglobosa, obtusa, pentagona seu quinquegibba, gibbis ex viridi flavis, singulæ limbi lacini oppositis; tubo infra medium ad organa sexualia coarctato, exinde laxiusculo, extüs usque ad limbi lacinias sor- didè purpureo; quinquefida, laciniis tubo brevioribus, ovatis, obtusiusculis, leviter revolutis obliquatisque ; intüs, ex apice usque ad tubi coarctationem, venis striisque variis saturate purpureis pulchré picta, exinde zona alba, villosa, ad lineas duas latA, cincta; fundus ventricosus, sacculis quinque gla- bris albisque instructus, supra tenul membrana marginatus, centro in tubulum crassum, conicum, decurrentibus staminum filamentis coadunatum, germina arcté involventem, et stigmate clausum, sursüm producto. Ejus ima basis perforata, qua re-
ceptaculo adhæret, sesquilineæ duarumve linearum diametro, vix constat; ex ipsá usque ad limbi lacinias decem undecimve lineas longa est, et diametro linearum ferè quinque inter fundi gibbas gaudet. Post anthesin facilé decidit.
Nectaria, non squamulæ neque auriculæ, sed sacculi, qui, stami- num inter filamenta curva decurrentia, gibbas extrorsùm effi- ciunt, et sub laxis antherarum commissuras ex opposito siti sunt; in istis enim sacculis succus melleus, ex prædictis com- missuris exsudatus, continetur.
Stam. filamenta quinque, alba, crassa, plana, deorsüm sensim latiora, per corolle fundum arcuaté decurrentia, ex ipso de-
-^müm exerta auriculis ad antheras conniventibus terminantur ; superne rimis vix apparentibus inter sese distincta, infernè in fundo corolla inter sacculos quinque distantia; intùs tubulo centrali conico ipsius fundi adnata ; paulo sub antheris, squama
Ee horizontali
and of a new Species of Passiflora. 65 horizontali alba, brevi, latà, leviter emarginatà, obovata, sessili, instructa; he omnium filamentorum squamæ quinque coro- nam, seu stellulam, obsolete pentagonam quasi effingunt ; au- riculæ, quibus singulorum cauda plana, extra fundi membra- nam marginalem soluta, terminatur, sunt squamis antherisque opposite, ipsis approximate, albe, carnose, glabrae, obtuse,
-hinc concave, absque ullis corniculis, inde convexæ ; harum tres minores, ovate, extrorsum ad corollam concave, due alie latiores, ovato-cordatz, introrsüm ad antheras concave, et ad unius ex minoribus latera utrinque site. Corolla tubus, has
, supra auriculas quinque convergentes, coarctatur.
Anihere quinque, cum corollz laciniis alternantes, filamentis ad- nate, sagittate, germinum apicibus approximate, membrana ovato-cordatá, inflexá, et stigmati arct® incumbente, termi- natæ ; utrinque ald reversà deorsüm sensim latiore prominen- tioreque, demüm in denticulum rigidum fragilemque desinente, auctæ ; vicinis aliarum antherarum alis similibus contiguæ, in- ferné veró intüs laxe ; biloculares, loculis pollinigeris apice in-
-.-. trorsüm, sub membraná terminali, dehiscentibus.
Pro polline, in utroque singule antherz loculo, corpusculum compactum, ex viridi flavescens, planiusculum, spatulatum, intüs (lente visum) contextu cellulari granuloso succulento farctum, extüs cuticulà scabrá tectum, superne lateraliter filo insertum ; filum breve, elasticum, obliquum, apice basique ad insertiones nodosum, hyalinum, succis ex viridi flavescentibus conspurcatum, superné ad tuberculi nigri latus prope basin
adherens: tuberculum nigrum ovale, extüs nitidum, intüs opa- cum, cartilagineum, medio sulcatum et quasi didymum, apice duabus squamulis ovalibus minimis, albis, hyalinis, stigmati adhærentibus, terminatum, antherarum alis, corolleque laci- niis oppositum, uni ex quinque stigmatis foveolis ovalibus
VOL. XII. K . semi-
66 M. Brorero’s Descriptions of a new Genus named Araujia,
semi-immersum ; ex alio ejus baseos latere aliud simile filum emittit, quod obliqué descendens corpusculo spatulato primi loculi proxime antheræ similiter adhæret : unde singulum tu- berculum duarum antherarum corpusculis spatulatis commune, et singula anthera filis hinc inde duorum tuberculorum corpus- cula spatulata ministrat. | Pist. Germina d uo approximata, ovata, acuminata, glabra, in tu- bulo seu cavitate conicá centrali fundi corollæ cum stylis re- condita. Styli duo graciles, teretes, brevissimi, mucronifor- miter persistentes. Stigma utrisque commune, magnum, cras- sum, ovato-subglobosum, glabrum, apice leviter emarginatum, bicorne, corniculis incurvis, introrsàm canaliculatis ; obsolete quinquestriatum, inter strias foveolis quinque ovalibus, pro tuberculis quinque nigris recipiendis, succo ex viridi flave- _scente tinctis, excavatum ; apicibus antherarum membranaceis _ferè usque ad medium tectum; sub foveolis in ora baseos mar- ginali emarginaturis quinque leviter notatum. | Per. Folliculi duo (quorum unus non raro abortit) oppositi, plus minüsve reflexi, oblongo-subovales, magni, tres ad quatuor uncias longi, unciam ad sesquiunciam et ultra in medio lati, coriaceo-fungosi, corio ad sesquilineam crasso, apice obtuso leviter mucronati, basi cavá retusi, subrugosi, glabri, diluté vi- rides; intüs ex viridi albidi, à seminibus prementibus subalve- olati, univalves, semibiloculares, extüs, quá parte in florescen- tia contigui, longitudinaliter unisulcati, sulcoque conscissè de- biscentes, . | Dissepimentum, seu seminum receptaculum, longitudinale hinc liberum et usque ad follicali centrum aut pauld ultra proten- sum, inde ad ejus parietem sub sulco tenuiter adherens, in matura veró dehiscentia-omninó solutum, solumque ipsius basi et apici adherens, latum, subcoriaceum, prope latus externum sub
3
sub sulco, inque basi et apice, nudum, cæterùm utrinque mul-
tipliciter alatum, alis, seu lamellis, membranaceis, ad quadra-
- ginta, latis, semilanceolatis, acutè deorsüm serratis, dentibus prope folliculi basin acutioribus, longioribus. Semina numerosa, ad quingenta (nonnulla abortientia) deorsüm
imbricata, immatura, interné prope come ortum, dissepimenti lamellarum dentibus adherentia, in maturitate soluta, crassi- uscula, compressa, ovato-oblonga, versus apicem attenuata, tuberculis obtusis mollibus instructa, hinc convexa inde sub- plana ibique in medio obsoletà costa notata, & castaneo fusca duas lineas cum dimidia longa, apice truncata, comosa. Co-
ma pilosa; pilis numerosis, simplicissimis, albis, tenuissimis,
sericiformibus, altitudine inzequalibus, in seminibus infimis ad duas uncias et ultra longis, in aliis sensim ad apicem folliculi brevioribus; in fructu immaturo omnibus inter sese adhæren- tibus, fasciculumque magnum, crassum, fibriforme constituen- tibus, in ipso autem maturo inter dissepimenti lamellas arcte contentis, demum divergenter solutis.
Seminum integumentum simplex, tenue, membranaceum, in vesi-
eulas tuberculiformes hinc inde sparsas elevatum. Hilus in apice seminum truncato ad come ortum, ubi dens lamelle af- fixus erat. Albumen, seu perisperma, integumento firmiter ad- hærens, crassiusculum, subcoriaceum, intüs sordide seu ex ci-
nereo albidum. Embryo longitudine albuminis, inversus; lac- 'teus. Cotyledones duæ, oblongo-elliptice, foliaceæ. Radi-
cula teretiuscula, cotyledonibus dimidio brevior, supera.
Habitat in Perû, unde sub nomine Apocyni Peruviani missum. In
-Regio Horto Olisiponensi autumno floret, fructus autem vere
maturescit; ibi tota planta pluribus abhinc annis frigus hyber- num fert, et cicurata demum est: inodora, sed acris, cma succis
lacteis abunde plena sit, et ut videtur virosa. | x 2 " Genus
68 M. Bnorrno's Descriptions of a new Genus named Araujia,
Genus in honorem Illustrissimi ac Excellentissimi Viri Antonii de Araujo, Principi Portugal. Regenti à Secretioribus Consiliis Regnique pro re navali Administri, et Botanices Botanicorum- que fautoris eximii, gratus dixi. Speciem à longis pilis serici- formibus, quos semina ferunt, nominavi: hi cum gossypio et serico misti ad eadem artificia, quibus Asclepiadis Syriacæ la- nugo, seu coma seminum, inservit, valde aptiores recogniti sunt. Ad Contortarum Linnei, et Apocinearum Jussiæi, ordinem naturalem attinet; non tamen cum ullo ipsius ordinis genere hucusque cognito confundendum, ab omnibus enim fructus florisque structurá nimis compositá singularique differt.
Quod ad organa sexualia Generis attinet, existimo corpusculum compactum, succulentum, ex viridi flavescens, quod singulum antherarum loculum occupat, verum sperma foecundans conti- nere, affine illi, quod in granulis antherarum Orchidearum se- cernitur, sed diversè perfectum stigmatique diversè applica- tum ; in Orchideis enim, liquore spermatico in granulis anthe- rarum compactis complete preparato, exinde eorumdem gra- - nulorum fila, halitu quodam venereo, ex stigmatis mucositate emisso, irritata convergunt, ad istud immediaté applicantur, ipsumque liquore spermatico sensim ex sudato irrorant: in nostro autem Genere liquor spermaticus in corpusculis anthe- rarum compactis non complete perficitur, sed quadam elabo- ratione in filis et tuberculo nigro perficienda indiget ; quaprop- ter, apertis antherarum loculis, liquor spermaticus imperfectus ilico à vicinis filis proxime adherentibus absorbetur, exinde per ipsorum vasa sensim adscendens ad tubercula nigra perve- nit, ibique demüm perfecte elaboratus ad stigmatis foveolas, per sulcum seu rimam internam singuli tuberculi, sensim egre- ditur seu exsudat ; unde per vasa spermatica stylorum et re- ceptaculi ad ovula foecundanda descendit. Hæc omnia ita se
- | babere,
Linn. Trans. Vot. XH. Tab.4 .p. 64.
Fr ? (7 i i Eon. CUJA ACTU, CIC .
Pd
and of a new Species of Passiflora, 69
habere, succi ex viridi flavescentes, quibus fila internè con- spurcari videntur, nec non et stigmatis foveolæ quinque eis- dem succis tinctæ suadent. Squamulas tàm antheris qi tuberculis nigris natura dedit, ne liquor spermaticus hur tate aliquá externa misceretur, aut ipsi ne aeris nimia aliqua
siccitas noceret.
EXPLICATIO. Tan. IV.
Fig. 1. Caulis pars extrema. et unus ramus lateralis florentes. ; (aa.) Folia paginá superiori visa. . i ;
(bbb.) Folia nonnulla ad idem latus versa, et. Disk.
visa. às wi ; E
(ccc.) Racemi.
EXPLICATIO.: Ta». V.
P
Fig. 1. Flos apertus magnitudine naturali visus.
2. Ejusdem calyx cum pistilli germinibus duobus visus..
3. Corolla calyce separata cum gibbis in basi. —
4. Corolla verticaliter scissa et expansa, ut ipsius interna facies insimul cum auriculis quinque, quibus stami- num cauda. pens: terminatur, conapitia d geniat.
5, G
therarum commissuris DT in “centro. gatis cornicula duo, et circa ipsa antherz transverse sectae. s` ima corolla sacculisque nectariferis nuda-
TO M. Bnorzno's Descriptions of a new Genus named Araujia,
Fig. T. Auricule duz ita dissectæ, ut appareat modus quo in antheras et pistillum connivent. . 8. Unius staminis anthera cum suo filamento crasso, plano, ^ in auriculam desinente (hic non arcuatim, sed recte depicto). 9. Anthera seorsùm posita. |
10, Pistilli partes receptaculo insertæ (lente auctæ).
11. Eædem partes magnitudine naturali, et sine receptaculo, scilicet, germina duo, styli et stigma bicorne cum fove- olis pro tuberculis nigris recipiendis.
12. Tubercula duo, singulum cum duobus corpusculis polli- niferis, stigmatis foveolis applicata (lateraliter visa).
13. Tubercula omnia quinque, singulum cum suis duobus
. corpusculis polliniferis, stigmati applicata. -
14. Tuberculum unum nigrum cum suis duobus corpusculis polliniferis, singulis è filo pendentibus (omnia magnitu- dine naturali).
15. Ezdem partes lente auctæ.
16. Folliculi duo magnitudine naturali paulo minores.
— A. Unus ex folliculis verticaliter sectus, ut semina et disse- pimentum conspiciantur.
18. Dissepimentum cum suis lamellis serratis indus.
39. Semen unum coma piloso-sericiformi coronatum magni
| tudine naturali). : - 20. Idem absque coma, et verticaliter eectum ait nucleus pe- risperma et embryonem continens videatur. -
21. Idem lente auctum.
22. Idem transverse sectum.
‘ - iy
à PASSI-
Pe
; Linn. Trans. Vet. XII. fab. 5 p. 70.
Weddell Se
and of a new Species of Passiflora. 71
PASSIFLORA racemosa. à Marti yrio cachudo (Lus. Bras.)
B his subpeltatis, basi emarginatis, glabris, trilobis; lobis ova- tis, acutiusculis, integerrimis, intermedio productiori ; petiolis
quadriglandulosis; floribus terminalibus, racemosis ; calycis laciniis acinaciformibus, corollà longioribus, apice introrsüm bicornibus. |
Tas. VI.
_ Radix perennis, caule crassior, obconica, inque ramos obconicos inferne multifibratos, divisa. Inodora est, atque nullo alio sapore, nisi herbaceo, prædita, sicque totius plantæ partes aliæ sunt.
Caulis sarmentosus, teres, glaber, ut tota planta; inferné prope radicem crassitudine digiti, lignosus, subrimosus, nec tamen su- berosus, superné filiformis, crassitudine fili sutorii aut tenuior, alté arbores scandens, ramosus. Rami etiam filiformes, alterni, scandentes, superiores racemis terminati, penduli. -
Folia alterna, duas ad quatuor uncias inter sese distantia, paten- tia, coriacea, utrinque glabra, saturaté viridia, impunctata, basi emarginata, subpeltata, omnia triloba (caulis infimis exceptis, qua sæpe ovata) lobis ovatis, acutiusculis, integerrimis, medio latiori longiorique, lateralibus binerviis, sinubus obtusis, à basi
“ad lobi medii apicem tres ad quatuor uncias longa, transverse, inter lobos laterales, tres ad quatuor uncias cum dimidia lata.
Petiolus folii laminà ferè dimidio brevior, sesquiunciam ad duas uncias aut pauló ultrà longus, sübteres, basi articulatus, glan- dulis szepiüs quatuor, sessilibus, ovatis, apice leviter concavis, instructus, quarum: duze infra ipsius medium subopposite, et
duæ
iux
É
12 M. Brotero’s Descriptions of a new Genus named Araujia,
du: aliz paulo infra folii laminz basin oblique inter sese di- stantes, sitze sunt.
Ad basin et latus petioli stipulæ duce solute, oppositz, sessiles aut subsessiles, cauli appressæ, utrinque glabre, integerrimæ, acutiusculz, mucronate, ovate aut subcordato-ovate, basi ob- liquatæ, inæquilateræ, semilamina interna dimidio angustiore, semiunciam ad fere unciam longz, caduce.
Inter stipulas, et in axilla petioli, cirrhus filiformis, simplex, viri- dis, primum recté tensus, folio longior, demüm spiraliter tor- tus, folio equalis aut brevior.
Flores in axillis foliorum nulli, sed ramos et caulem terminantes, racemosi, inodori. Caulis et ramorum apices sub racemo nudi, eorum nodi cirrhis solüm parati, et à casu foliorum stipularum- que leviter tuberculati. Pedunculus communis (seu interno-
dium supremum racemo immediatum) brevis. Racemus sim-
plex, pendulus, aphyllus, et foliorum loco stipulis instructus. Ejus rachis, seu pedunculus communis prolongatus, cylindra- cea, septem, octo uncias et ultrà longa: interdüm, praesertim cum nullos fructus alit, viva persistit, novosque ramulos ex emortuorum pedunculorum axillis protrudit.
Pedunculi partiales simplicissimi, sepe novem ad tredecim, inii: mus et supremi sepius solitarii, alii alternè bini, unciam . aut paulo ultra longi, teretes, ex patenti adscendentes (in fructüs
- veró maturitate penduli) pauló infra calycem articulati, ibique
- demüm à casu involucri trituberculati ; basi inter binos, et sub solitariis, cirrhus brevis spiraliter tortus, ibidemque ad eorum
latera stipulae duz opposite, adpresse, versus apicem rachis sensim minores, citò caducæ, ex omni parte illis, que ad peti- olorum basin site sunt, persimiles.
Floris involucrum ad duas lineas, duasve cum dimidia, infra
| calycem
and of a new Species of Passiflora. 73
calycem situm, triphyllum, foliolis ovatis, leviter inæquilateris, mucronatis, integerrimis, subsessilibus, glabris, erectis, primüm
. flori recenter è gemmá evoluto subæqualibus, demüm calycis tubo pauló brevioribus, omnibus, sæpè multó ante floris aperti- onem, caducis.
Cal. perianthium inferum, glabrum, monophyllum, inferné tubu- losum, limbo profundè quinquepartito ; laciniis petalis corollæ nonconformibus, extüs sordidé puniceis, latissimé carinatis, carina acinaciformi, intüs ferè usque ad apicem concavis, coc- cineis, apice introrsim semilunato-bicornibus (corniculo supe- riori longiori uncinatoque) patentissimis, duas uncias cum di- midià longis, tres lineas et ultra in medio latis, simul cum co- rollà marcescentibus ; tubo cylindraceo, obscuré subpuniceo, obsolete decemlineato, duas ad tres lineas longo, inferné duas lineas aut pauló ultra lato. Dum inapertum, tumidè obconi- cum, argutissimé quinquangulum, profunde quinquesinuatum.
Corollæ petala quinque, fauci calycis inserta, ipsiusque laciniis 4 ferè breviora, patentia, semilanceolata, obtusiuscula, inte- gerrima, planiuscula, extüs leviter carinata, intùs subcanalicu- lata, in solo natali utrinque coccinea. !
Nectarium corona triplex, filamentosa, filis omnibus supernè albis, inferne cæruleis ; intima exteriori altitudine zqualis, filis circa stipitem cylindraceum conniventibus, inter sese æqualibus, simplicibus, infernè membranâ coalitis, margini receptaculi elevato, fundum calycis circumcingenti, adnatis; due alix fauci calycis sub petalis insertæ, intermedia brevior, filis vix extra calycis faucem exertis, erectis, apice subcapitatis, inter sese æqualibus ; exterior filis simplicibus, duas tresve lineas extra calycis faucem prolongatis, patentibus, inæqualibus, illis, quz calycis laciniis sunt opposita, longioribus. | à
Stam. filamenta quinque, summo stipiti sub germine inserta, basi VOL. XII. L leviter
74 M. Bnorzno's Descriptions of a new Genus named Araujia,
leviter coalita, pallidé viridia, sublinearia, erecto-patula. An- there sublineares, obtusæ cum brevi acumine, incumbentes, ex viridi lutescentes, medio et lateribus unisulcate, bilocu- lares.
Pist. Germen superum, oblongum, subovale, obsoleté ut tum, glabrum, pallide viride, apici stipitis insidens, qui ad unam unciam extra calycis faucem protenditur, cylindraceus, viridis, basi pentagoná latior. Styli tres, supernè crassiores, pallide virides, ad antheras recurvi. Stigmata capitata, ex lu- tescenti viridia.
Peric. Bacca pedicellata, ovalis, trisulcata, glabra, pallidé viridis, ad duas uncias longa, unilocularis, polysperma, carnosa, demüm exsucca. |
Semina axillata, ovata, compressa, receptaculo triplici, quod cor- tici bacce longitudinaliter adnatum est, adhærentia.
Habitat in umbrosis sylvaticis inque solo glareoso littorali unam fere leucam ab urbe Riojanerià dissitis, et alibi in Brasilia, Floret Novembri, Decembri. Frutex sarmentosus, ob pul- cherrimos flores sat dignum hortorum ornamentum.
Hanc novam speciem clariss. E, I. A. Woodford, botanices dili- gentissimus, in Brasilia invenit, in Europam secum transvexit, et mecum, uti alias quoque stirpes rariores in horto suo Olisi- ponensi cultas, benevolé communicavit. Quantüm ab omni- bus aliis hucusque cognitis congeneribus differat, ex florescen-
_ tiâ racemosá, calycis formá, et aliis notis in descriptione posi-
- tis, abundé patet.
Oss. In solo natali caules duos ex eádem radice sæpè fert, quo- rum unus alté scandens, et omninó defoliatus fructificat; alter foliatus, scandens aut procumbens, tardiüs, hoc est, uno aliove anno transacto postquàm primus fructus tulit, florifer. Variat in Europá 1*. Aliquorum foliorum petiolis triglandulosis aut
quinque-
Zinn Trans. VA. XII. Fab.6.p.74.
ACHT,
2
€
N ^
and of a new Species of Passiflora. 75
quinqueglandulosis, nec quadriglandulosis; 2°. Calyce et co- .. TOllá pits minüsve puniceis, nec coccineis; 3%. Nectarii filis albidis, inferné virescentibus, nec cæruleis. `
.
AE SES EXPLICATIO. : Tas. VI.
Fig. 1. Unius rami nondum florentis pars extrema cum foliis, sti- pulis et cirrhis. | (a.) Folii petiolus cum glandulis quatuor. (5.) Stipulae. (c.) Cirrhus. Fig. 2. Alterius rami pars extrema nuda, racemosa. (A.) Racemi ex arbore vicinâ penduli pedunculus communis. (aaaaa.) Floris primarii aperti calycinz lacinie, dorso acinaci- formes, apice bicornes. (bbbbb.) Corolle petala. (B.) Staminum anthere, et filamenta stipiti summo inserta. (C.) Stigmata et styli cum germine apici stipitis insidente. (DD.) Nectarii corona triplex. (EE) Pedunculi partiales, alterné bini, cum cirrho inter ipsos spiralitèr torto. — m Pedunculi articulatio. | (4). Calycis pars inferior tubulosa. TU ) Calycis pars superior inaperti quinquangula. E ) Unus ex floribus extremis involucratus. — — ag .) Racemi pars extrema cum stipulis, et nonnullis floribus |. involucro penitus tectis. . Fig. 3. Unius floris recentér è gemma evoluti involucrum tri- phyllum: (a.) ejusdem foliolum separatum. Fig. 4, Bacca matura.
p" ^ 62 XI. Some
XI. Some Observations on the natural Family of Plants called CowrosiTx. By Robert Brown, Esq. F.R.S. Libr. L.S.
Read Feb. 6 and 20, 1816.
Tux class Syngenesia of the Linnean artificial system, as at pre- sent limited, constitutes a family strictly natural, and by far the most extensive in the vegetable kingdom. It is also, with the ex- ception of Grasses only, the most generally diffused, and is almost equally remarkable with that order, for the great apparent unifor- mity in the structure of its essential parts of fructification.
This class of plants, for which I retain the established name Composit, in preference to any of those recently proposed, has lately become the subject of a minute and accurate exami- nation by Mons. Henri Cassini ; two of whose Memoirs on the Style and Stamina of the class, alread y published in the Journal de Physique*, are in my opinion models for botanical investiga- . tion. ! t Mp t Lu c rS A few years before the publication of M. Cassini's Memoirs on Compositæ I was induced to examine a considerable part of this extensive family, chiefly with a view to the more accurate deter- mination of the New Holland plants belonging to it.
My principal object in the present paper is to communicate such general observations, the results of this investigation, as either have not yet been published by M. Cassini, or respecting which I consi- der myself to have anticipated that author in my General Remarks
* Of 1813 and 1814,
eh kar gore aor d
on
Mr. BnowN's Observations, ác. 77
on the Botany of New Holiand, appended to Captain Flinders's Voyage to Terra Australis. :
To these observations I shall add some remarks on certain ge- nera of Compositz, which occur repeatedly under different names. in late systematic works, and whose structure and limits appear to be imperfectly understood.
_ My first observation relates to the peculiar disposition of the © nerves or vessels of the corolla of this family of plants.
In the essay already mentioned, which appeared early in the summer of 1814, I have noticed this peculiarity in the following terms :
“The whole of Composite agree in two remarkable points of structure of their corolla; which, taken together at least, materi- ally assist in determining the limits of the class. The first of these is its valvular estivation ; this however it has in common with several other families. ‘The second I believe to be peculiar to the class, and hitherto unnoticed. It consists in the disposi- tion of its fasciculi of vessels or nerves; these, which at their . origin are generally equal in number to the divisions of the co- rolla, instead of being placed opposite to these divisions, and passing through their axes as in other plants, alternate with them; each of the vessels at the top of the tube dividing into two equal ~ branches, running parallel to and near the margins of the corre- sponding lacmiæ, within whose apices they unite. These, as they exist in the whole class and are in great part of it the only ves- sels observable, may be called primary. In several genera, how- ever, other vessels occur, alternating with the primary, and occu- pying the axes of the laciniz: in some cases these secondary ves- sels being most distinctly visible in the laciniæ, and becoming gradually fainter as they descend the tube, might be regarded as
recurrent; originating from the united apices of the primary branches ;
18 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
branches ; but in other cases, where they are equally distinct at the base of the tube, this supposition cannot be admitted. A monopetalous corolla not splitting at the base is necessarily con- nected with this structure, which seems also peculiarly weli adapted to the dense inflorescence of Composite; the vessels of the corolla and stamina being — and so disposed as to be least liable to suffer by pressure.”
At the date of this publication I certainly had no knowledge of any similar observations having been previously made: but Inow - see in M. Cuvier's account of the proceedings of the Institute of France for 1815, that M. Cassini is considered as having antici- pated me on this subject, and as he says in * termes non équivo- ques." What these terms are, appears by a letter I have received from M, Cassini himself, in which he states his claim to rest on the following passage : | os B HOS
* Chaque fleur hermaphrodite ou male contient cinq étamines, correspondant aux — nervures de la Sorone et par conséquent alternes avec ses lobes.”
This passage occurs in a Memoir on the Stamina of Compositæ, which was read to the Institute of France in July 1813, and first appeared with the substance of that Memoir in the Journal de Physique, said to be for April 1814; but the actual date of the publication of which I have reason to believe was somewhat later, and very nearly corresponding with that at which M. de Jussieu was in possession of à copy of my essay containing the observations already quoted. I conclude it is not supposed I could have been acquainted with the passage in the original memoir, unless the report usually made on memoirs read to the Institute should have been printed, and should have actually no- — ticed this passage or the discovery itis now said to contain. -
But independently of the near equality of dates, I cannot con-
sider
© sc
natural Family of Plants called Composite. —— 79
sider my observations as either wholly or even in any considera- ble degree anticipated by the passage in question. My observa- tions notice not only the disposition of the five vessels in the tube of the corolla, but their ramification in the laciniz, by no means. a necessary consequence of that disposition ; they notice also the existence, in several genera of Composite, of five vessels alter- . nating with those, and which I considered secondary in this order, though they occupy the place of the primary vessels in other fa- milies: and it is this inverted disposition, indicated in the greater part of the class by the primary being the only vessels existing, which I have considered as of material importance in determin- ing the limits of Composite, though by no means as affording an essential practical character for the whole class.
In the passage quoted from M. Cassini (the only one I can find relative to the subject in the memoir in which it occurs), the existence of five nerves or vessels in the tube of the corolla, alternating with its laciniz, is stated, but their division and. dis- position in the laciniæ are not noticed; it is at the same time to be inferred from the terms of the passage, that no other vessels exist in the tube of the corolla: and itis equally evident that, so far from. announcing this disposition of vessels as a discovery, or peculiar to the order, the author rather considers it either as a fact already known, or as the usual structure. That M. Cassini was not then.
aware of the importance of the fact which he had imperfectly stated, appears likewise from his having, many months after his. memoir was read, and at a time when he says he had finished his analysis of the corolla, proposed.a name for the class, taken from a supposed peculiarity in the structure of the filament, a name which he is now inclined to abandon for one derived from the dis-
position of vessels in the corolla. Since
80 - Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
Since my attention has been again turned to the subject, I have endeavoured to collect all that has been observed on the nerves or vessels of the corolla of Composite, a brief account of which may be not altogether without interest.
The earliest notice I have been able to find is-contained in a passage (in page 170) of Grew's Anatomy of Plants, where, in speaking of syngenesious flosculi, he says, **they are frequently ridged, or as it were hem'd like the edge of a band." And his figure of a magnified floret of the common Marigold, in tab. 61, gives a tolerable idea of the marginal vessels of its laciniæ. Grew however takes no notice of the trunks from which these branches arise, either in his text or plates. à
Van Berkhey, in his Dissertation on Composite, published at Leyden in 1760, though he makes no mention of the nerves of the corolla in his text, yet in all the magnified figures he has given both of ligulate and tubular florets, correctly represents the trunks of the primary vessels, without however noticing their ra- mification in the laciniæ. I am anticipated therefore by this au- thor’s figures exactly in the same degree as by the passage con- tained in M. Cassini’s second memoir.
The accurate Schmidel, in the few Composite which occur in his Icones, has correctly represented the trunks of the primary ves- sels, but has equally omitted their ramifications.
In the Analysis Florum of Batsch, a work published in 1790, the object of which was to give an idea of the structure of the natu- ral families of plants, by a minute description and magnified figures of one or more species selected from each, Coreopsis tripte- - ris occurs ; and although the vessels of its tubular floret are very indistinctly figured, yet both their trunks and branches are cor- rectly described. The same author however, who in 1802 pub-
lished
natural- Family of Plants called Composite. — eu
lished an ingenious work on the natural families of plants*, takes no notice of the vessels of the corolla in the character of Compo- site which he has there proposed.
In the figures of syngenesious plants given by Schkuhr}, where- ever the ligule of Cichoraceæ are magnified, the trunks of the nerves are correctly represented ending in the sinuses; unless in one plate containing Lactuca.virosa and Sonchus sibericus, in both of which the vessels are made to pass through the axes of the teeth ; but in no case are the marginal branches noticed. It is singular that this generally accurate author, in the many magnified figures - he has given of tubular florets, has only in two cases represented the trunks of their vessels, namely in Echinops Ritro, where they are correctly placed, and in Silphium trifoliatum, where, though only five vessels are visible, they are erroneously made to pass through the axes of the laciniz.
The only remaining author that notices these vessels is M. Mir- bel, who in the second part of his valuable Elémens de Physio- logie Végétale et de Botanique, published in 1815, introduces into his character of Composite the fact of the laciniz of the co- rolla being furnished with marginal nerves. This observation, if not original, the author may have adopted either ftom my essay already quoted, of which he was in possession soon after its pub- lication, or from M. Cassini's third memoir, which was read to the _ Institute of France six months after that essay appeared: but he could not have derived it from the passage in that author's second ‘memoir, on which he rests his claim; no notice being there taken of the disposition of vessels in the lacinie. .
. In M. Cassini's memoir expressly on the Corolla of Composite, which was read to the Institute of France in December 1814, and of which an abstract, by the author himself, is given in a làte
* 'l'abulz affinitatum regni vegetabilis. ; . In Botanisches Handbuch. VOL. XII. M number
82 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the .
number of the Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, the disposition of vessels in the corolla is expressed in the following terms:
* Chacun des cinq petales dont se compose la corolle est muni de deux nervures trés simples qui le bordent d'un bout à l'autre des deux cótés, et confluent par conséquent au sommet,"
On this statement I have several remarks to offer. And first, I object to its hypothetical language. Whatever opinion may be formed of the theory here adopted by the author, namely, that -every monopetalous corolla is in reality composed of several con- fluent petals; a theory first proposed by Linneus himself in his Prolepsis Plantarum, and ably supported on different grounds by Mons. Decandolle in his excellent Théorie Elémentaire de la Botanique ; I can see no advantage in adopting its language in stating a fact of this kind, especially if — as a — character.
. For my own part, I consider ahis opinion as correct in the sense in which it was held by Linneus, without, however, connecting with it the ingenious hypothesis of M. Decandolle, namely, that petals are only modified stamina. It remains to be seen on what ground M. Cassini has adopted this theory, as proposed by M. Decan- dolle, for Composite, the only family which seems to present a very important objection to it, in having its principal, and in the greater part of the order its only, vessels occupying the lines of junction of the supposed united petals.
To adapt this disposition of vessels to the theory, M. Cassini is obliged to subdivide their apparently simple trunks ; a division, however, which may be regarded as entirely hypothetical. From the observations I have made on the subject, I have no doubt that these trunks are equally simple with the secondary nerves when present, or with the primary in other families. I find them to con- sist of two kinds of vessels, the spiral and ligneous. Of the spiral
vessels
natural Family of Plants called Composite. — — 83
vessels there are generally several in the cord : in Helianthus mul- tiflorus, however, I have not been able to find more than one, either. in the trunk of the nerve above the insertion of stamina, or in the branches of the laciniæ. It will be of some interest to verify this fact (which I by no means give with absolute confidence), both on account of the apparently formidable objection it presents to the theory in question, and also that, in following it up by an examination of the point of division, a clearer idea may be ob- tained of the ramification of spiral vessels than has hitherto been given. | :
My second objection to M. Cassini’s account is, that he de- scribes the nerves as marginal through their whole length. I have formerly, in the passage already quoted, stated them to be pa- rallel and approximated to the margins of the lacinia. Perhaps in no instance can the branches be considered as strictly margi- nal; in many cases they are manifestly distinct from the mar- gins, and in the genus Hymenopappus are further removed from them than from the axis of the laciniæ. In H. scabioseus there is also an evident inequality of the two branches in each lacinia, the stronger extending nearly to the apex, while the weaker either entirely disappears before it reaches the stronger, or unites with it considerably below its termination. In H. tenuifolius this irre- gularity is still greater; one branch being not unfrequently alto- gether wanting, and even the remaining branch considerably weak- ened: where this happens a secondary vessel is always produced, | though very few flosculi are furnished with five complete middle DNE o e TOR B ; à - To the fact stated by M. Cassini that the lateral nerves are always simple, I have met with only one apparent exception, in an unpublished species of Madia, where they are connected by a few branches with the secondary or middle nerve, which in this
M 2 plant
84. = Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
plant is more strongly marked than the primary, and from which indeed these connecting branches probably originate.
It must, I think, be admitted by M. Cassini, that in many genera of Composite five vessels passing through the axes of the segments exist, even ten others are occasionally found, as in Helianthus, though these can hardly be traced below the insertion of stamina. But as it has been already shown that the lateral or primary vessels are not strictly marginal through their whole length, and as one instance has been Biden which their branches, if not them- selves subdivided, are at least connected by ramifications of the middle nerves*, it follows that a monopetalous corolla having in its tube fifteen nerves with distinct origins, three of which are con- tinued through each of its segnients, and unite together at the apex, would upon the whole better correspond with the definition M. Cassini has given of the corolla of Composite, than the actual disposition of vessels in that order. Now such a structure exists inthe whole of Goodenoviæ-, a family of plants very nearly related
ci ih to
-** M. Cassini himself (in a note to his third memoir published in the Journal de Phy- sique for February 1816, p. 129) hae given another instance of the ramification of nerves in. Tva frutescens.
T Ihave formerly observed (in Prodr. Flor. Nov. Holl. p. 580, and in General Tomais. on the Botany of Terra Australis) that Euthales and Velleia, genera belonging to Gooden- ovice, exhibit the remarkable and nearly peeuliar character of a corolla having the lower part of the tube cohering with the ovarium, while the calyx is entirely distinct, I have at the same time remarked that, even in those genera of the same natural family in which the calyx is coherent, the tube of the corolla may be supposed to be continued down to the base of the ovarium ; and that this becomes even evident in such species as have the adhering part di- lated into nectariferous processes; or in those where, the segments of the calyx not being closely approximated, the coloured corolla is visible in the interstices. In some species of Goodenia, particularly G. decurrens and bellidifolia, I find it practicable to separate not only the adhering calyx, but also the tube of the corolla from the ovarium. In the tube thus separated it appears that the lateral nerves, which preserve their parallelism to the
middle nerve nearly to the base of the segment, become more evidently divergent below the point
natural Family of Plants called Composite. 85
to Composite. It exists also in Ernodea, in which the lateral nerves, though they give out externally a few branches, observe the same course, and terminate in the same manner in the laciniæ as those of Composite. A similar disposition is observable in certain genera of Solanacez, as Datura and Cestrum, though in these the lateral nerves are more ramified; and their trunks generally less distinct in the laciniæ. It appears therefore that, in adopting M. Cassini's theoretical expression for the vascular structure of
point of adhesion, and iu such a degree that the corresponding branches of the neighbour- ing segments unite with each other considerably above the middle of the tube, forming a common trunk, which is continued to the base of the ovarium; the five trunks thus formed uniting internally with those from which the filaments originate, and externally with the axes of the opposite segments of the calyx. The middle nerves of the segments of the corolla are in like manner continued below the point of cohesion to the real base of th
tube. ;
. The analogy of this disposition of vessels in the corolla of Goodenovie to that of Com- posite is obvious. To assimilate entirely the two structures, it is only necessary to suppose a deeper division of the five primary vessels of Composite, and a continuation of the tube of the corolla below its apparent base to that of the ovarium. That this is its real origin, is rendered not improbable both from the analogous structure now described in the family of Goodenoviæ, and from the manifestly hypogynous corolla of Brunonia; a genus in many respects still more nearly related to Composite, though differing in the disposition of the vessels of its corolla, |
The more direct proof of this origin, derived from an examination of the surface itself, can hardly, perhaps, be expected where the parts are generally so small, and where, as I conceive, the surface of the pericarpium in many cases depends less on. that of the cohering envelopes, than on the proper figure of the ovarium itself, as seems to be likewise the case in Umbellate, — - an + s |
There are however a few cases in which this opinion respecting the origin of corolla in Composit may derive some additional-support from the appearance of the surface of the ovarium, as in Marshallia and Hymenopappus, in both: of which genera, but particularly in: the former, it is marked with ten longitudinal striæ, of which the five stronger are continued into the five nerves. of the corolla, the remaining five ending abruptly at the apex of the
ovarium.
the
86 . Mr. Brown’s Observations on ihe
the corolla of Composite, one — aw existing is lost *. |
The principal peculiarity, however, consists in the corolla of a syngenesious plant, when reduced to its smallestnumber of nerves, having these nerves alternating with its segments in the tube. I am acquainted with no instance of this order of reduction in the nerves of any other monopetalous corolla, but I observe an ap- parent tendency to it in Portlandia and Catesbea. In the tube of the corolla of both these genera there are ten nerves, of which the five that alternate with the segments are manifestly stronger, and seem to furnish the greater part of the vascular system of the upper part of the tube and of the segments; the intermediate nerves being there somewhat like recurrent branches.
I shall conclude thissubject by observing, that although the ex- istence of nerves alternating with the segments of a monopetalous corolla, dividing below the sinus and uniting their branches at the apex of the segment, be rare, this disposition is comparatively fre- quent in a monophyllous calyx, especially where its æstivation is valvular. Labiatæ furnish the most striking examples of this structure. I am not however acquainted with any instance of a
calyx having five nerves only, and those alternating with its seg- ments. |
The æstivation or condition of the corolla before expansion is the subject of my second remark on Composite. I have, iu the
* A still stronger objection to M. Cassini's definition is, that while its application to Composite is only hypothetical, it very nearly corresponds with the actual disposition of vessels in certain polypetalous genera. Thus in Pittosporum revolutum, each of the petals has three nerves with distinct origins. Of these the two lateral, evidently within the margins, less so, however, than in Hymenopappus, are quite simple in the ungues, and ramify more or less in the lamina, near the top of which they unite with each other and with the middle nerve,
observations
natural Family of Plants called Composite. — 87
— formerly quoted, stated this to be valvular, that is, having the margins of the segments applied to each other and dehiscing like the valves of a capsule. As I have remarked in the same place that this estivation exists in several other fami- lies, it is rather surprising that M. Cassini, in the abstract of his third memoir given in the Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences for last October, should seem to consider this characteras peculiar to Com- positæ*. It appears also- that he is not aware of any exception to itin the class. I have however, in a different part of the same essay, noticed one exception existing in Chuquiraga, and I have since
found another in Corymbium. In both these genera the æstivation is induplicate, that is, the margins of the segments are doubled in, so that in the unexpanded state none of them are visible. I have
*
* Since this paper was read, M. Cassini has published his memoir (in the Journal de Physique for February 1816), in which he states the same æstivation to exist in certain other families, namely, Campanulaceæ, Lobeliaceæ, and Rubiacee. This observation, if applied to the whole of these families, as is evidently the author's intention, is correct only with respect to Campanulacez, from which I have separated Stylidee as a distinct order, partly, as I have stated, on account of its imbricate æstivation. In a considerable part of the Lobeliacez of Jussieu, which includes my Goodenoviæ, the æstivation is not valvular but indu- plicate: and though in Rubiaceæ the valvular mode is very general, there are many remark- able exceptions to it, as Gardenia, Ixora, Pavetta, Coffea, and several other genera, where it is unilaterally and obliquely imbricate, as in most of the Apocineæ, with which Linneus united them under the name of Contortæ, derived from this very circumstance. On this subject I may be allowed further to remark, that M. Cassini, who in the memoir now cited has repeatedly asserted his claim to the priority of the observation on the disposition of vessels in the corolla, has in treating of its æstivation omitted to notice what had been already published respecting it in my essay above quoted, where I conclude he must have seen my observation, as he refers to the sentence containing it. The æstivation of corolla in Composita is also noticed in the observations on Brunonia, contained in my Prodromus: Flore Nove Hollandie, which I suppose he has not seen: I may therefore, for the general importance of æstivation of calyx and corolla in affording characters both for Orders and Genera, refer him to almost every page of the same work, and to its preface, for an observation on the degree of attention that had been previously paid to this point of structure,
which will enable him to correct in some measure his own remark on the subject. : in
88 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
in the passage referred to observed that the valvular and indupli- cate modes of æstivation easily pass into each other, merely by an addition or abstraction of the elevated margins of the laciniz : instances of their abstraction, and of the consequent conversion of the induplicate into the valvular mode, occur in several Good- enoviæ, and in some Convolvulaceæ and Solanaceæ ; while Chuquiraga and Corymbium are examples of their addition i in an order where they are generally wanting. |
My third remark is entirely borrowed from Schkuhr*, who states that in all Cichoracee or Ligulate the pollen is angular, and that in Corymbifere and Carduacee, or in all tubular florets, it is spherical or oval.
All the figures which this author has given of pollen in Giit racez represent it as a regular icosahedron, except that of Gero- pogon glabrum, which is a dodecahedron. I believe neither of these forms of — has been observed in à mans — » plants.
A fourth remark on — I do not offer with absolute confidence, as it is opposed to the statement of M. Cassini, on whose general accuracy I have great reliance. It relates to the disposition of the branches of the style or stigmata, which accord- ing to M. Cassini are lateral, or right and left with relation to the axis of the common receptacle ; whereas; 1 consider them as.an- terior and posterior, though in many cases by a slight degree of twisting in the style they acquire what M. past regards as their original position. os
This may seem a point of very little consequence to establish. Independent however of the necessity of minute accuracy in every case, it appears to me to have some connexion with my
fifth remark, which relates to the internal structure of the Ova-
* Botanisches Handbuch 3, p. 8. rium
natural Family of Plants called Composite. 89
rium of Composite. I am not aware of any thing baving been yet said on thissubject further than that it contains a single erect ovulum, inserted at the base of the cavity. In addition to this, I observe in the greater part of Compositz, whose ovarium I have examined, two very slender filiform cords, which, originating from opposite points of the base of the ovulum, or of its short footstalk, run up, and are more or less connected with, the lateral parietes of the ovarium, until they unite at the top of its cavity, immediately under the style; between which and the ovulum a connexion is thus formed. In many cases, as in Liatris spicata and Tussilago odorata, these cords are easily separa ble from the ovarium, and have such a degree of tenacity that they may be extracted from it en- tire, along with the ovulum. In other cases they more firmly co- here with the sides of the cavity: and in those plants in which I have been unable to see them distinctly, I conclude they are not absolutely wanting, but that their connexion with the parietes is still more intimate.
These cords may be supposed to consist either solely of the vessels through which the ovulum is foecundated, or to contain also the remains or indications of a system of nourishing ves- sels, or chordæ pistillares, the position of which points out the true nature of the ovarium in this class, or the relation it has to the apparently less simple ovarium of other families. I am in- clined to adopt the latter supposition. In order, however, to be understood on this subject, it is necessary to premise that I con- sider the pistillum or female organ of all phznogamous plants to . be formed on the same plan, of which a polyspermous legumen or folliculus whose seeds are disposed in a double series may be taken as the type. A circular series of these pistilla, disposed round an imaginary axis, and whose number corresponds with .
VOL. XII. © N that
90 <` Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
that of the parts of the calyx or corolla, enters into my notion of a flower complete in all its parts.
- But from this type and number of pintilik many iin take place, arising either from the abstraction of part of the complete series of organs, from their confluence, or from both these causes united ; with consequent. abortions and obliterations of parts in almost every degree. According to this hypothesis, the ovarium of asyngenesious plant is composed of two confluent ovaria; a struc» - ture which is in some degree indicated externally by the division of the style, and internally by the two cords which I consider as occupying the place of two parietal placentæ, each of these being made up of two confluent chordule, belonging to different parts of the compound organ: I am well aware how very paradoxical such an hypothesis must seem, especially when applied to a struc- ture apparently so simple as that of the ovarium of Compo- site; and I therefore regret that I am not yet fully prepared to bring forward in its support a series of facts.alread y. in my pos- session, consisting of deviations from the usual structure of organs, and particularly of instances of stamina changed into pistilla,
. In the mean time it may give some plausibility to the hypo- thesis to remark, that there are families of plants strictly natural in which a series of degradations exist, if ¿l may so speak, from the assumed. perfect. Medis: to a structure as: iue as that of Composite. |
«Thus in Proteacce we desk: ati types obi i pati fille in the many-seeded folliculus of Embothrium ; the first degree of im- perfection in that of Grevillea, where only one. ovulum of each series; remains ; a further-reduction: in the indehiscent mono- spermous fruit of. Leucospermum, in. which the insertion of the ovulum is lateral ; and. the simplest. form in Protea itself, where
es the
natural Family of Plants. called Composite. 9t
the-single ovulum is inserted at the base of thecavity., Proteacex, however, exhibit a series of obliterations in the parts of a single pistillum only. An illustration more in point, though somewhat -less perfect as a series; may be taken from Goodenovie, an order of plants very nearly related to the-class of. which. we are treat- ing. In the greater part of: Goodenovie, the ovarium is-bilocular, each cell having an indefinite: number-of seeds; in the greater number of Scævole, each cell. is: reduced to: a. single evulum ; d in some species of the same genus; and in albthe species ot Dampiera, the ovarium, though retaining: its-external pes is reduced to a single monospermous»cell, with an-erect ovulum, as in Composite. The anadas exhibits a obliterations, more obviously analogous .to: those <tc as taking place in syugeuesious plants; namely from a bilocular ova- rium with two polyspermous parietal. placentze, which is the usual structure of the order, to that of Isatis, where a single ovu- lum is pendulous from the apex of the unilocular ovarium. And lastly in the genus. Bocconia, in the original species of which (B. frutescens) the insertion of the single erect ovulum has the same relation to its parietal placente, as that of Composite has to its filiform cords, a second species (B. cordata) exists in inch ss placentæ are polyspermous.
- My sixth observation on Composite daanin the florets expand. To understand the relation this order has to that of other families, it may be necessary first to- D a — res marks on the more usual modes of inflorescence. - ET
It is well known that in an absolutely simple piks the expan-
sion of the flowers is ascendent; that is, begins ‘at the base of the spike and proceeds regularly upwards. To this order very few real exceptions occur, several of the apparent deviations. being
connected with some degree of composition in the spike. 1 N 2 In
00. — Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
It is also known that in a compound spike, while the expansion of each partial spike is ascendent, that of the spikes, with relation to each other, is descendent; the terminal spike expanding first, and the others in a regular succession downwards. ‘his order, indeed, admits of a greater number of exceptions than that of the simple spike; several of them apparently depending on the density or imperfect composition of the spike; and the more usual deviation consisting in the expansion beginning below the apex, and proceeding in opposite directions from the point of commencement; the upper portion following the order of the simple, the lower that of the compound spike *.
The simple racemus and corymbus are obviously very slight mo- difications of the spike, and in their expansion obey the same law.
A syngenesious compound flower, or capitulum as it may be termed, is merely a spike with a shortened and generally de- pressed axis. In cases where this capitulum is unquestionably simple, the expansion of its flowers is uniformly from circum- ference to centre, or in the order of the simple spike. . Where the capitula are disposed in a corymbus, which is their usual mode of combination, the order of the compound spike is ob- served ; their expansion with relation to each other being from centre to circumference. In their denser aggregations, whether forming a compound spike or head, the same order of expausion obtains, and it continues though the florets in each common calyx or involucrum should be lessened in number, or even reduced to unity, as in Echinops and Rolandra.
. * The most remarkable exception to the order of the compound spike exists in the com- pound umbel of Umbelliferze, of which the outer umbellule expand somewhat earlier than the central ; and as this order of expansion seems to extend through the whole natural family, Astrantia, in which the terminating umbel expands much earlier than those of the lateral branches, cannot be considered as having a compound umbel.
"The
natural Family of Plants called Composita. 93
-The absolute constancy in the order of expansion of the simple capitulum from circumference to centre, and the more or less complete inversion of this order in the compound capitulum, ap- pear to afford tests of the real structure in certain cases where the degree of composition, and consequently the proper names of some of the parts, might otherwise be doubtful.
To illustrate this I select two: genera, Lagasca and Casilia.
In Lagasca the capitulum, both from its form and the appear- ance of its involucrum, might at first sight be considered as sim- ple : on examination, however, it is found to differ from all simple capitula, in each floret being furnished with a. tubular envelope, exactly resembling a five-toothed | perianthium, but which does not in any state cohere with the included ovarium. -
Cavanilles, by whom the genus was established, regarded this envelope as a genuine perianthium, and erroneously described its tube as cohering with the ovarium ; an error which is copied in Persoon's Synopsis Plantarum, where the genus is consequently placed in. Polygamia æqualis. Jacquin, who has published La- gasca- under the name of Noccea mollis *, also describes the en- velope of each flower as a proper perianthium, although aware | of its tube being distinct from the ovarium. Subsequent writers have, indeed, more correctl y referred the genus to. Polygamia segregata ; but the terms involucellum and calyculus, which they apply to the envelope in question, appear to me —— for a reason that will presently be given... + _. Three suppositions may be formed respecting the: nature of this | envelope, namely, either that it is an involucrum reduced, as in Echinops, to a single flower ; secondly, that it is a proper perian- : thium, which in appearance it very much resembles ; or thirdly, Ee Fragm. Bot. p: 98, tab. 85. :
: that
94 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
that it is more analogous to the outer calyx of Scabiosa; which M. Cassini seems to consider sise in its nature ir -— these parts. = | |
But the order of expansion in. re vw is, c — some degree of irregularity; from centre to: circumference, or that of the compound capitulum, seems to decide the question respecting the envelope of each flower, and to establish its iden- tity with involucrum : -nor does this involucrum differ materially from that of Echinops, except in the red uced: number and son- fluence of its component parts. - |
The real structure of Casulia is rares less obvious.
This genus, which was first published" by Dr. Roxburgh *, is referred by him to Polygamia segregata; the tubular envelope or involucrum nes un esc ninm as comam from the in- . cluded ovarium. 19 j i
Koenig, on the sium hand, by imp: the: genus was discovertd, and whose account of it is given in the same work, describes the partial involucrum of Roxburgh as the surface of the ovarium itself; its segments being, according to him, a pappus of two leaves. And lastly Willdenow, regarding this involucrum as merely paleæ of the receptacle, refers the genus to Polygamia æqualis ; in which order itis continued, both in Persoon's Synopsis, — the second edition of Mr. Aiton's Hortus Kewensis. -
This last view of the structure seems the most erroneous of any, and was probably adopted by Willdenow, in consequence of his having added to the genus a second specics not really belonging to it, and which I shall have occasion to notice in another part of my subject.
An examination of the parts of fractiientipte in different stages
* In Coram. Plants, i. p. 64. t. 93. : reconciles
natural Family of Plants called Composite. 95
reconciles the opposite statements of Koenig and Roxburgh; for I find that at the time of flowering the envelope of each floret is, as Roxburgh has figured it, distinct from the ovarium, with which, however,in a more advanced stage its tube becomes firmly united ; a fact that sufficiently accounts for Keenig’s description.
‘There is here, therefore, a nearer-approach. to a true. perian- thim than in the involucrum of Lagasca; but the expansion of the flowers being, as in that genus, from centre to circumference of the capitulum, I consider the envelope of Cesulia as unques- tionably an involucrum, —- the asne anaie paea nalonging to Polygamia segregata, | ;
^I mayhere ERA n name dors ttp conii anche + Linneus for those genera of Composite with densely aggre- gate capitula, is caleulated to give an erroneous idea of the nature of the structure ; the opposite term Polygamia congregata being, according to the view now taken, obviously more proper for those genera,: at least,, whose involucra contain several flowers. : It is not. unlikely, indeed, that Linneus himself was aware of the true nature of the inflorescence of these genera; but the term Polyga- mia.congregata would not. have suited the artificial arrangement which he adopted in his subdivisions of the class, nor his includ- ing in it the order: Monogamia; for, with. this order the single flowered genera of. Bole gamia : dei must then have bars confounders ——
dt is a curious. circumstance,» that the: iim of. MP in onini does not depend.on-the number.of flowers actually existing, but on the effort, if 1 may so term it, made to produce them, manifested by the presence of an involucrum or common calyx, which.is.in some -cases;reduced: to a single flower. The fact.at the same time.contributes:to- prove, that the whole na< tural class is formed on that plan of dense aggregation of flowers,
for
a * *
96 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
for which I have already attempted to show that certain parts of the structure of a syngenesious floret are peculiarly weil adapted. : H-faetdoniteub HE ter | i The circumstance, however, is not confined to Compositæ, but exists in an equally remarkable degree in Graminee. | I have formerly considered the gluma, or what Linneus has termed calyx, in this family of plants, as an involucrum. | .. In those genera where this gluma or involucrum contains seve- ral flowers their expansion is generally ascendent, or in the order of the simple spike. In a spike formed by these many-flowered glume, as that of Triticum and Lolium, the expansion of the par- tial spikes, with relation to each other, is descendent, or in the order of the compound spike; in most cases, however, with that deviation, which I have already noticed, of the expansion com- mencing below the apex and proceeding in opposite directions. But as the same descendent expansion takes place in a spike formed of single-flowered glume, it may be inferred that the genuine type or most perfect form of a grass is to have several flowers in its gluma or involucrum : a view not only consistent with the fact of a great majority of tlie order having actually this disposition; but also with that peculiarity in the vascu- lar structure of the inner valve of the perianthium ; which, whether it be considered as indicating that this part is formed of two con- fluent valves, an opinion I have elsewhere * advanced, or merely as a transposition of vessels in a simple valve, analogous to that in the syngenesious floret, is evidently adapted-to the many- flowered spicula, though equally existing in that with a single flower, | | _ The resemblance between the outer calyx of Dipsacee and the single-flowered involucrum of Compositz is so striking, that it
* In General Remarks on the Botany of New Holland, eannot
=
natural Family of Plants called Composita. 97
cannot appear very paradoxical to consider them as both of the same nature. |
In Dipsaceæ, however, there is no instance of the outer calyx containing more than one flower, and the evidence afforded by inflorescence on this subject is not altogether satisfactory.
In Dipsacus it has been long noticed that expansion begins about the middle of the spike, and proceeds in opposite direc- tions from the point of commencement: this order is evidently more analogous to that of the compound than of thesimple spike; there being several instances of spikes manifestly compound, where the same inversion of the upper part exists. ^. But a fact, which I do not find any where observed, respecting the inflorescence of certain species of Scabiosa, particularly suc- cisa and atropurpurea, is not so easily reconcilable with the com- pound spike: in these, and I have reason to think in many other species of the genus, the expansion begins simultaneously at the base and middle of the capitulum, proceeding regularly upwards from both points. Were this the case in all Scabiosæ, the com- pound nature of the spike in Dipsacez, although by no means proved, might be considered not improbable: there are, however, several species of the genus in which the order of expansion is altogether that of the simple spike. j|
Connected with the subject of inflorescence, I may remark that priority of.development, whether among similar parts in the same flowerorthe different flowers of the same spike, is generally accom- panied with greater perfection of these parts or flowers, and ap- parently with greater power of resisting the ordinary causes of abortion or obliteration. |
I haye formerly * observed respecting several natural families of plants, in which the stamina are in a determinate number, but a
* In Prodr, Flor. Nov. Holl. vol. i, and Appendix to Flinders's Voyage to Terra Australis. VOS. XII. 0 number
98 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
number subject to.reduction, that this reduction, where the flower is of a regular form, takes place in the same order in.each natural family. Thus in Juncee, which are generally hexandrous, the tri- androus species have theirstamina constantly placed opposite to the three outer leaves of the perianthium, while in Restiaceæ, As- phodelez,: and I, believe in a great. part of the regular-flowered Liliaceæ, in certain species of which a similar reduction occurs, the stamina in the triandrous species are placed opposite to the inner leaves or segments of the perianthium. But in both cases the greater perfection of those. stamina that exist in genera or species reduced. to the smallest number, is indicated, where there is no reduction, by the earlier bürsting of their antheræ ; so that from. this circumstance the order of reduction or abortion of sta: mina in any natural family may with: some confidence be pre- dicted by an exaniination of those genera where the number. is complete. ———— — - Wherever the separation of sexes takes place, it may be assumed that the female flower. is the more perfect production. And if this-be admitted, where both sexes exist in the same simple spike the female should be found at its base, or where expansion com- mencés, which is almost uniformly the case. For the same: rea- son, in the trifid or trichotomous inflorescence, the female should be placed in the centre, which is also generally the fact *. - This connexion between præcocity and perfection of develop- . ment is even more constant than the order of expansion in certain forms of inflorescence ; as it is found to extend to several of the exceptions to this order. to r; | roti Thus in the apparently simple spike of Poterium, where the | order of expansion is descendent, the female flowers occupy the
* To this order the most remarkable exception occurs in Begonia, in which the male flowers are central, and expand long before the lateral female flowers. 4
upper
natural Family of Plants called Composita. 99
upper part of the spike; and this relation also exists in tlic more compound inflorescence of Ricinus, Syphonia, and Celtis, i in whieh the order of expansion is equally inverted. Wt - It may seem rather paradoxical.to select Euphorbia as an ex- ample of the same relation; this genus being considered by Lin- neus, and the greater part of the botanists who have adopted his system, as having a dodecandrous hermaphrodite flower. We have already, however, I believe, sufficient evidence that this su p- posed hermaphrodite flower is in reality formed of several mo- nandrous male flowers surrounding a single female *. 1 In conformity with this view of its composition, and with the relation above attempted to be established, the development: the pistillum €— that of the stamina in many — leon — ; Tt is more difficult to determine whether this order of expansion and relative position of sexes in Euphorbia be in conformity with the general rule, or an exception toit. For its faciculus of flowers may be considered as analogous either to the simple spike, and consequently having an inverted order of expansion, as in Allium descendens, and certain species of Grevillea and Anadenia : or it may be assimilated to the compound spike, as in several species of the genus the male flowers appear to be separated into fasciculi; * * To the Éen I have adduced (in my Remarks on the Botany of New Holland) in support of this opinion, I- am now ‘enabled to add the more direct pro: certain species of Euphorlia itself, in which the female flower is furnished with a manifest calyx. I have formerly observed, that in a few cases the footstalk of the ovarium is dilated
and obscurely. lobed at top: but in the species now referred to it terminates in three di- stinet and equal lobes of considerable length, and which being regularly opposite to the cells of the capsule may be cór mpared to the three outer foliola of the perianthium of Phyllanthus, Between which’ and.the’cells of the capsule the same relation exists. This calyx is most remarkable in an undescribed species of Euphorbia from the coast of Patagonia, in the Herbarium of Sir Joseph Banks; but it is observable, though less distinet, i in E. punicea and several other species, ` `
o2 and
100 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
and according to this view the order of expansion is direct, the central female flower being the representative of the terminal partial spike. | TOT There is even a third species of inflorescence with which the fasciculus of Euphorbia may be compared, namely, that’ consist- ing of one or more verticilli with a single flower in the centre. In this, which may be considered a modification of the spike. or umbel, the usual order of ex pansion seems to be from centre to. circumference. Its simplest form occurs in an unpublished New Holland genus of the same natural family with Euphorbia, in which a single verticillus of male flowers surrounds the central female flower. Lambertia may be considered as another instance of the same mode, and as far as can be determined, in a case where the flowers are hermaphrodite and their expansion nearly synchro- nous, following the same order. In all the known species of this genus the leaves are verticillate, and uniformly in threes : in L. formosa and inermis the involucrum constantly contains seven flowers, while in L. uniflora it is reduced to onc flower. 'The seven flowers of the two former species I consider as made up of two verticilli, in number of flowers corresponding with that of the leaves, and of a single central or terminal flower ; to which termi- nal flower L. uniflora appears to be reduced. From this order of reduction it may be assumed as more probable that species of Lambertia should be found with ten or four flowers in the involu- crum than with nine, six, or three. But greater permanence being, as has been already remarked, generally connected with greater perfection, it becomes also probable that, if any species of this genus should be discovered with androgynous capitula, the female flower will occupy the centre as in the genus, of Euphorbiaceæ. above referred to. | | It is worthy of remark, and may indeed appear in some degree at
natural Family of Plants called Composite. 101
at variance with the foregoing observations, that although in an assemblage of flowers priority of expansion generally indicates a greater degree of perfection, and consequently a more ready con- vertibility of the hermaphrodite into the female flower; yet in a hermaphrodite flower the development of stamina usually pre- cedes that of pistilla. The most remarkable exceptions to this order of development which I at present remember, occur im several species of Plantago, where the stigmata are fully deve- loped, and often even withered, before the bursting of the antheræ.
I now proce to ind some remarks on certain genera of Compositæ which either occur under different names in late syste- matic works, or whose structure and limits seem to be imper-
fectly understood.
: SOLIVA
was established in the Prodromus Floræ Peruvianæ et Chilensis, and is adopted by Persoon in his Synopsis Plantarum.
To this genus Hippia minuta of the Linnean Herbarium un- questionably belongs, and it is perhaps not specifically distinct from Soliva pedicellata. But on comparing the structure of this plant with the figures and descriptions, given by Mons. de Jus- sieu (in the fourth volume of the Annales du Museum,) of the dif- ferent species of his Gymnostyles, it appears to me evident that the whole of this genus is referable to Soliva, whose principal charac- ters would consist in the want of corolla or perhaps its accretion: with the persistent style in the female florets; in the pericarpia being more or less winged, and presenting their disk me of
their margins to the centre of the capitulum. | Sir
102 ; Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
Sir James Smith has already pointed out the error M. de Jus- sieu has been led into in referring Hippia minuta Linn. to his Gymnostyles nasturtüfolia, a plant much more nearly related to Hippia stolonifera of Brotero ; which, from repeated examination, I can with confidence refer to the same genus. en
Gymnostyles anthemifolia is stated by M. de Jussieu to be a native of New South Wales: but as I have observed it only in cultivated ground in the neighbourhood of Sydney, and as it has certainly been found in South America, of which four other species of the genus are unquestionably natives, it has probably been im- ported into New South Wales, perhaps from Brazil; nor is it al- together improbable that Hippia stolonifera of Brotero may have been introduced into Portugal from the same quarter.
ao sue 3105 GRIN DERA; . diuo described by Willdenow in the Transactions of the Natural History Society of Berlin for 1807, and subsequently in his Enu- meratio Plantarum Horti. Berolinensis, flowered in Kew Gardens for the first time in 1815, when I had an opportunity of examining it, and of determining its very near affinity with Donia, a genus proposed in the second edition of Hortus Kewensis, and adopted. by Mr. Pursh in his Flora of North America: the principal distinc- tion between these two genera consisting in a difference in the number of radii of the pappus, which in Grindelia is described. by - Willdenow as of two rays, and according to my observations has more frequently one only. But as even in Donia the number of rays, though indefinite, is variable, and the structure of the pap- pus is very nearly similar in both genera, which in all other re- spects agree, it may be perhaps expedient to unite them under the name of Grindelia, which was first in order of publication. Tripax
natufal Family of Plants called Composita. 103
pue de E. —. TRIDAX : | was first established by Linneus, in Hortus Cliffortianus, from a specimen found at Vera Cruz by Houston, and sent to Clift ford by Miller. As Linneus had no specimen in his own collec- tion, that in Clifford's Herbarium, now in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks, is the only authority for the genus; and on ex- amining this specimen I find the pappus.to be not setaceous, as Linneus has described it, but distinctly plumose. There is, there- fore, no difference whatever between Tridax:and Balbisia of Will- denow; and on comparing Tridax procumbens with Balbisia elon- gata, I cannot satisfy myself that they are even specifically di- stinct. > | ID eO | Ltd ANGIANTHUS. UT ttes Angianthus tomentosus of Wendland's Collectio Plantarum, (vol. ii. p.32. tab. 48.) published in 1809, is evidently thesame plant as my Cassinia aurea, described in the fifth volume of the second edition of Hortus. Kewensis, which did not appear till 1818. Wendland neither mentions the native country of his Angianthus, . nor from whence he received it. He must, no doubt, however, have obtained it from Kew Garden, where it was introduced and flowered from seeds which I collected in 1802, in the island of St. Francis, on the South coast of New Holland. “ed,
2 | Se aes ^MEXYERA. ddech SEA nc - This genus, described by Schreber in his edition of the Genera Plantarum, is not. adopted by Willdenow. Swartz, however, in his Flora Indiæ Occidentalis, has referred to it; and I have no doubt correctly, Eclipta sessilis of his Prodromus. On comparing this species of Meyera with a:plant in Sir Joseph Banks’s Herbarium, collected in Peru by Dombey, and which exactly agrees with
Sobreya
104 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
Sobreya of the Flora Peruviana, it appears evident that this genus is reducible to Meyera. Enhydra of Loureiro's Flora cochinchi- nensis, though described somewhat differently, and referred to Polygamia segregata, 1 have little doubt, belongs to the same genus; as does unquestionably Hingstha of Roxburgh's unpub- lished Flora Indica, where it is also referred to Polygamia segre- gata. This plant, which I have examined, is scarcely distinct from a species of Meyera that grows in New South Wales.
- Cryphiospermum of Mons. de Beauvois's interestin g Flore d'Oware et Benin, although reduced by him to Cichoracez, I have but little hesitation in referring also to Meyera. And lastly, Cesulia radicans of Willdenow, likewise a native of æquinoctial Africa, is perhaps not specifically different from Cryphiospermum repens of
Mons. de Beauvois, . - eats . MELAMPODIUM
was established by Linneus, in the first edition of Genera Plan- tarum and in Hortus Cliffortianus, from a specimen found by Houston near Vera Cruz, and communicated by Miller to Clif- ford, in whose Herbarium, now forming part of the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, it still exists. It does not appear that this plant has been found by any other botanist than Houston ; and according to the character given by Linneus of Melampodium, it must be considered the only species of the genus. |
. In the second edition of Species Plantarum he added to it, but with a doubt, Me/ampodium australe, a plant adopted from Leefling, according to whose description the pappus and surface | of the seed are widely different from those of the original species. Swartz has referred to the genus a third species, M. humile, en- tirely distinct in these respects from both the former; and more recently a fourth species, M. dongifolium, with seeds differently: modified from all the others, has been annexed to it. | E But -
natural Family of Plants called Composite. 105
But if these four plants, so extremely different from each other in pappus and form of the pericarpium, really belong to the same genus, as their habit seems strongly to indicate, there can be no reason to separate from them Alcina of Cavanilles, erroneously considered by Willdenow as a species of Wedelia: and Dysodium of Richard, published in Persoon's Synopsis, though differing from all the others in the form of its pericarpium and in that of its receptacle, must also be reduced to this genus. If, how- ever, the part described by Linneus as pappus in Melampodium americanum be really such, and if the pericarpium itself vary so widely both in form and surface, it would be inconsistent with the principles of division generally adopted in Composite, to unite all these ‘plants into one genus, notwithstanding their great resemblance in habit as well as in the other parts of fructifica- tion; and it would be at-least in vain to look for any cotebinig character in this part of their structure.
À careful examination of the female flowers, especially in an early stage, removes this difficulty, by proving that the supposed external coat of the ovarium, with its various inequalities of sur- face, some of which have been described as pappus, is in reality an involute bractea or foliolum of the involucrum, like that of Micropus, completely inclosing the ovarium, but from which in several species of the genus it is entirely, andi in others in great iin distinct. | of l
Cn ASPEDIA.
e appears in E orster’s Prodromus Florule dei ot ins lium, where an essential generic character is given, but no de- scription of the species. The genus is adopted and the cha- racter received without remark by Willdenow in his edition of Species Plantarum, and by Persoon in his Synopsis. Among George Forster's drawings of subjects of natural history made in
VOL. XII. P | | Cook's
106. Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
Cook’s second voyage, and now in the library of Sir Joseph Banks, there is a figure of this plant, from which it appears that he origi- nally referred it to Stehelina; a proof that he had not at that time very carefully examined it. It is not improbable therefore that he afterwards proposed it as a distinct genus, belonging to Polygamia segregata, from finding that this had been already done by Solan- der, whose name (Cartodium), however, he did not think it neces- sary to adopt, and with whose generic character he probably was not acquainted. In his own he very erroneously states that there is no partial involucrum, and hence perhaps M. Labillardiere entirely overlooked Craspedia when he established his Richea from a nearly related species of the same genus. That such is the case I have long since briefly noticed*; and have ascertained by a comparison of the specimen of Craspedia uniflora in George Forster's Herbarium with .Richea glauca of Labillardiere, and other species of the same genus which I have observed in New Hollandisi»sq:5: «5 of olemist- ad) 3o acihniamsra-d ary - M. Labillardiere’s character of Richea is essentially correct. It is well to remark, however, that his general involucrum is formed of the bracteze subtending and in equal number with the outer partial capitula; and that the general receptacle has no other paleæ than the analogous bractee of the inner capitula. It is the more necessary to take this view of the structure, as I. have found in New Holland a nearly related genus (Calocephalus), which differs from Craspedia and Richea in the want of these brac- tex, as well as in the partial receptacles being without paleæ, and in the rays of the pappus being plumose only in the upper part. I have also another genus of this tribe ( Leucophyta) from the same country, differing from Calocephalus in having a. general involu- crum consisting of a few short bracteæ, in the squamæ of its par- tial involucra being concave and bearded at top, and in the rays * In Prodr, Flor, Nov. Holl. p. 555. " of
`
natural Family of Plants called Composite. 107
ofits pappus being plumose through their whole length, as in Craspedia, from which it is distinguished by the want of palez on the partial receptacles, and very remarkably in habit.
I have selected the foregoing genera as having been either pub- lished under different names, or, as it appears to me, unnecessarily subdivided. In this extensive class it would not be difficult to point out a much greater number consisting of species impro- perly united. One very remarkable case of this kind is the genus
- s un | Casidus innt pii CRX se loisirs to which, as I intend to enter fully into the history and affinities of its species, I shall confine myself. ate wie" sont
This genus was established by. Linneus in the sixth edition of his Genera Plantarum, where the natural character is given: but the following essential character, which is still retained, appears for the first time in the twelfth-edition of Systema Nature, in the third section of Polygamia æqualis : qe»
** Receptaculum paleaceum, Pappus pilosus, Calyx imbricatus.”
The species originally referred. to Calea, in the second edition of Species Plantarum, are C. jamaicensis, oppositifolia, and Amellus, described from specimens in Browne's Jamaica Herbarium, which he had received a few years before, and incorporated with his "These three plants Linneus had originally referred to Santolina*, for which it seems to me rather less difficult to account than for his afterwards uniting them together to form his genus Calea ; two of them, according to his descriptions4 though in reality one only, being without pappus, and in other respects corresponding. with the generic character of Santolina ; and the third, which
* [n Ameenit. Acad. vol. v. p. 404. + Loc. cit. P2 Browne
108 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
Browne had doubtfully referred to the same genus, though fur- nished with pappus, agreeing with the others in having opposite leaves. TER |
But the difference in habit between all these plants and the original species of Santolina is so great, that it probably after- wards determined Linneus to remove them from that genus ; and although he found a sufficient generic character in the pappus of Calea jamaicensis only, he united with it the two other species, for a reason perhaps similar to what I have su pposed led him to separate all the three from Santolina. It is remarkable, however, that not one of these three original species of Calea corresponds with his character of the genus ; and that they in reality belong to three very distinct genera, on principles which, I conceive, Linneus himself would have admitted. |
The first species, Calea jamaicensis, is the only one that even seems to agree with the generic character, in having pappus which at first sight (to the naked eye at least) might appear sim- ply capillary, but which on a closer examination proves to be of à very different and nearly peculiar structure. Of this species I have seen only one authentic specimen, received from Browne by Ehret, and now in Sir Joseph Banks's Herbarium. The speci- men in question, though incomplete, evidently belongs to the same species with * Conyza fruticosa cisti odore, floribus pallide purpureis, summitatibus ramulorum insidentibus,” of Sloane*, of which I have examined the original very perfect specimens in his Herbarium, preserved in the British Museum, and am satisfied that its pappus is of the same structure as that of Calea cordifolia of Swartz, who has well described it, but who has at the same time given a different account of that of C. Jamaicensist. '|hese
.* Hist. Jam. i. p. 257. tab. 151. fig. 3. t Herb. vol. v. fol. 14 & 15. 1 In Flor. Ind, Occid. vol. iii, p. 1328,
-
two.
natural Family of Plants called Composita. 109
two plants are the only published species of this genus, for which the name of Calea should be retained, and which may be distin- guished by the following characters : 3
CALEA. Calez species Linnei.
Involucrum* imbricatum. Receptaculum paleaceum. — Flosculi tubulosi, uniformes, hermaphroditi. Anthere basi mutice. Stigmata acuta. Pappus paleaceus: radiis uninerviis, pinna- tifido-striatis.
Fratices. (Americae. PERS PARA scabri. Folia op- posita, indivisa. Capitula} corymbosa, v..terminalia, v. avillaria. Involucri subovati foliola nervosa, obtusa. Paleæ receptaculi convezi distincte, figura et textura fere involucri. Corolle luteo-purpuree (Swartz), glabre, laciniis dinerviis. Achenium subcylindraceum v. obsolete angulatum, glabrum v. pubescens, callo baseos subobliquo. Pappus persistens albus, nitens; radiis simplici serie subulatis, indivisis, superne denticulatis.
Ons. In Sir Joseph Banks's Herbarium there are two plants very nearly related to Calea, differing from it merely in having a radius of ligular female florets. If this difference be considered sufficient to constitute a genus, it may be named Caleacte. The first of these plants (C. urticifolia), with nearly ovate acute
. crenated leaves, found by Houston near Vera Cruz, is Solidago
_urticefolia of Miller, by whom it appears to have been culti-
M vated. ‘The second, with deeply lobed or pinnatifid leaves
(C. pinnatifida), was lately sent from Brazil by Mr. Sellow.
— 'Yhe second Linnean species, Calea oppositifolia, has very little affinity to the first. In attending merely to the technical cha- racter of Santolina, it might be referred to that genus ; but it dif-
* Calyx communis Linnei, t Corolla communis Linn. : ters.
110 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the...
fers so widely, both in other points of structure and in habit, that there can be no question of the propriety of separating it, which may be done by the‘following character, and under the name of
IsocAnPHA. Receptaculum conicum: paleis distinctis, conformibus : extimis in- volucrum constituentibus. Flosculi tubulosi, uniformes, herma- . phroditi. Anthere basi mutice. Stigmata appendice elongato, - hispidulo, acuto. Achenium prismaticum : pappo nullo. Herbæ (Americe æquinoctialis). Folia opposita. (vel alterna) in- | divisa. Capitula ovata, terminalia, terna (vel solitaria). Pales lanceolate. Corollz albide. Anthere basi truncate.
Oss. I have so constructed the generic character of Isocarpha as . to include Spilanthus atriplicifolius of Linneus, which, however, differs very remarkably from Calea oppositifolia in having alter- nate leaves and solitary capitula, as well as in the texture and
form of its palex. ive ig ^ iin The pappus, consisting of three or four very minute aristæ, de- —s€ribed by Swartz* in Calea oppositifolia; 1 have not been.able
-to observe in any of the specimens that I have examined.
The third species, Calea Amellus, is probably the same plant as Bidens scandens, which Linneus described in Hortus Cliffortianus, but, having no specimen in his own collection, appears to have forgotten. The original specimen in Clifford’s Herbarium, now in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks, evidently belongs to the same species, and perhaps to the same individual, with a specimen in Miller’s collection, which Mr. Dryander compared, and consi- dered to agree with Calea Amellus of the Linnean Herbarium. The true synonym, therefore, of Calea Amellus is “Bidens suffruti-
* In Obs. Bot. p. 302. cosus
*
natural Family of Plants called Composite. iri
cosus vimineus, foliis oblongo-ovatis oppositis, floribus comosis" of Browne* ; while Linneus has quoted and even derived his spe- cific name from the same author's “ Amellus ramosus, foliis remotis terminalibus, fulcris longis divaricatis4;” which, instead of belong- ing to Bidens scandens, I believe, for the following reasons, to be Bidens nivea. 1st, The figure in Burmann's Thesaurus Zeylani- cus}, quoted by Browne for his plant, though belonging to Lavenia erecta, is at the same time a good representation of Bidens nivea, and very unlike Bidens scandens. 2dly, Browne’s description in most respects very well agrees with the former species, but cer- tainly not with Bidens scandens. And Sdly, I infer that Bidens nivea was actually in Browne’s Herbarium, from finding it in the Flora Jamaicensis published in the 5th volume of Ameenitates Academic, and formed chiefly from that Herbarium ; thougha very erroneous reference for this species is there made to Browne’s first Santolina, which, from the description, cannot possibly be- long to Bidens nivea, but is probably Verbesina gigantea.
M. Decandolle has lately established a new genus, Salmea, con- sisting of Bidens scandens, Bidens hirsuta, and a third species which I have not examined. ‘These plants are very properly se- parated from Bidens by this excellent botanist, and well distin- guished both from that genus and from Melananthera. It is rather remarkable, however, that he has not thought it necessary to compare Salmea with Spilanthus, from which, according | to his description, it differs only in its imbricate involucrum. But as in. Spilanthus the foliola of the involucrum are not exactly equal, and are disposed a at least in a double series, I have in-
‘Biche, Tats. 317. 7 EO PR HS 1 Eb pottipiidiquniit scrophularie — foliis oppositis, Burm. Thesaur. am p. 95. €. 42. (dca
112 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
troduced some additional distinctions into the following charac- ter of SALMEA. | Decandolle in Cat. Hort. Monspel. p. 140.
Involucrum imbricatum. | Receptaculum conicum, paleis persisten- tibus. Flosculi tubulosi, uniformes, hermaphroditi (5-fidi). An- there sagittate. Achenium verticaliter com pressym, bi-arista
tum ; aristis persistentibus (apteris v. alatis). —
Frutices (Americæ æquinoctialis) sepius decumbentes. Folia op- posita, indivisa. Inflorescentia terminalis, subpaniculata, vel corym- bosa. Corolle albide. Paleæ receptaculi post lapsum pericarpiorum persistentes.
Oss. Of this genus I have examined specimens of three species in Sir Joseph Banks’s Herbarium, differing from each other in several very remarkable characters. | t |
.. 1. Salmea scandens, (Decand.l. c.) in which the aristæ are equal and without any membranaceous border: stigmata remarkably dilated, tongue-shaped, obtuse, not hispid, obscurely papulose, and apparently withont any terminal appendix: style dilated at the base into a hemispherical bulb which is truncated underneath.
2. Salmea hirsuta, (Decand. |. c.) whose aristæ are unequal ; the inner, which is the larger, being furnished with an evident ala; the outer having a narrow margin only: stigmata sharp and spreading: style dilated into an ovate bulb which has an attenuated base. :
3. Salmea? curviflora (nob.) differs from both the preceding in the tube of its corolla being remarkably bent outwards. In place ofthe inner arista there is a broad obtuse wing, of which the in- ner margin is straight and thickened, the outer continued down nearly to the base of the pericarpium: the outer arista is winged:
and
natural Family of Plants called Composita. 113
and besides these, one or two minute processes are generally ob- servable. Stigmata revolute *.
In the 12th edition of Systema Nature, Linneus added to his genus Calea a fourth species, namely Calea scoparia; for what rea- son it would be difficult to discover, as it does not resemble, either
* In theremarkable character of its re-curved florets, as well as in some other respects, this species of Salmea agrees with Spilanthus arboreus of George Forster (in Commentat. Gotting. ix. p. 66.), of which he originally formed his genus Laxmannia ; from a very er- roneous view of its structure, however, having described the Nectarium or glandula epigyna as a * germen superum ;” the real, though imperfect, germen with its two aristæ as a e perianthium bidentatum," and consequently referring the genus to Polvgamia segregata.
When he afterwards corrected these errors and reduced Laxmannia to. Spilanthus, he did not discover that he had only the imperfect hermaphrodite or male plant before him.
That Spilanthus arboreus is really dioecious, I have ascertained from the examination of numerous specimens collected by Sir Joseph Banks in the Island of St. Helena, where it forms a small tree called by the inhabitants White-wood. It is Bidens arborea and per- haps also Spilanthus tetrandrus of Dr. Roxburgh's List of Plants appended to General Beat- son's Tracts on St. Helena; the former being probably the female, the latter as tarved variety of the male plant.
In re-establishing Spilanthus arboreus as a genus, sufficiently distinct from Bidens, Spi- lanthus, and Salmea, it will not, I conclude, be considered expedient to recur to Forster's name Laxmannia, which as far as relates to this plant is connected only with a series of blunders, was abandoned by the author himself, and has since been applied to another ge- nus already generally adopted. It may be —— by the following character, sat
named PETROBIUM.
Bia polyphyllum subduplici serie: exteriore breviore, foliolis paucioribus 4 . ceptaculum paleaceum, planiusculum. Flosculi dioici, tubulosi, 4-fidi : Masculi : Bn ris exsertis ; Stigmatibus acutis hispidulis : Feminei : Staminibus sterilibus ; ; resin acutis recurvis. Achenium v. parallelo compressum v. creen ae (2-3) aristatis : : aristis persistentibus, antrorsum. denticulatis. - ; Arbor (Insulæ Ste Helenz). Folia opposita, indivisa. EN idrednalis, brachiata. In- .. volucrum oblongum. Paleæ receptaculi squamis involucri subsimiles. Corollulæ ochroleu- cæ, tubo arcuato-recurvo (ut capitulum primo intuitu radiatum videatur). Mas. Antheris nigricantibus, basi emarginatis, appendice apicis brevissimo, acuto; loculis vestigio septi longitudinalis instructis. Fem. Staminibus sterilibus distinctis, antheris sagitiatis cassis.
VOL. XII. Q in
114 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
in its fructification or habit, any of the three genera of which, as has been shown, Ca/ea was originally composed. This fourth species, which he had at first referred to Chrysocoma*, is now known to be dicecious ;—Browne, by whom it was first described and figured, and one of whose specimens I have examined, Lin- neus, and even Swartz when he published his Observationes Bo- tanice, being acquainted with the male plant only; which, how- ever, all of them considered hermaphrodite: nor is there any reason to doubt that Gærtner’s genus Sergilus is also the male of this species; although he has ventured to describe the colour of the embryo, deceived, probably, by the size of the imperfect ovarium, and the colour of its inner surface.
Professor Swartz has since given a more satisfactory account of Calea scoparia, and has referred it to Baccharis f ; to which ge- nus as Richard f and Jussieu § have proposed to limit it, namely to the frenoi species of. America, it unquestionably belongs. This limitation of Baccharis it may, upon the whole, be expe- dient to adopt; by doing so, however, a name of Dioscorides is applied to a genus of plants found only in the new continent; while, notwithstanding the contrary opinion is expressed by M. de Jussieu ||, sufficient distinctions exist between those species of Bac- charis from which the Linnean character was taken, and Conyza when reduced to its original species, C. squarrosa and bifrons, and a few others since added to the genus: for these differ from Inula chiefly in the extreme shortness of their ligulz.
As no satisfactory character has hitherto been given of Baccha- ris, that will serve to distinguish it, as now limited, from the diœ- cious Gnaphalia, I propose the following.
* Ameen. Acad. v. p. 404. et Syst. Nat. ed. 10. vol. ii, p. 1206. t Flor. Ind. Ocvident, iii. p. 1339. -. . $1 Mich. Flor. Bor-amer. ii. p. 125. $ Annal. du Mus. d'Hist, Natur. vii. p.385. || L c.
Bac-
natural Family of Plants called Composite. |. 115
| BACCHARIS. ©
( Ranker ) in Michaux Amer. ii. p. 125. J'ai in Annal. du Mus. — d'Hist. Nat. vii. p. 385. Molina Ruiz et Pavon Prodr. Flor. - Perwv. 111. Baccharidis species Linn.
Involucrum imbricatum. Receptaculum nudum. Flosculi tubulosi, dioici. Masculi: antheris exsertis, basi muticis; stigmatibus ap- pendice acuto hispidulo; pappo subpenicillato. Feminei fili- formes; pappo capillari.
Frutices (Americæ æquinoctialis et temperate). Folia alterna,
-raro opposita, in quibusdam minuta vel nulla, ramis tunc foliaceo-
alatis. Inflorescentia terminalis rariusve lateralis, corymbosa, nunc fasciculata. Involucri subovati v. oblongi squame semisca- riose, margine simplici. Mas. pappo cinereo. Fem. limbo minuto 2-3dentato, staminibus sterilibus nullis: pappo elongato*.
*
Willdenow, in his edition of Species Plantarum, has retained the four Linnean species of Calea, and added to them an equal num- ber, not one of which belongs to any of the genera formed by the original species, but to four others equally distinct. | . The first of these additional species, taking them in the order in which Willdenow has arranged them, is Calea aspera, which he adopted from Jacquin; by whom it is well described and figured, though erroneously referred to Calea.
* I have observed another dicecious genus with naked Sn celine pappas, and a habit nearly similar to that of Baccharis, of which Baccharis nereifolia Linn. - only published species. It may be named
BRACHYLENA.
Involucrum MERER, squamis coriaceis. Receptaculum nudum. Flosċuli dioici. Mas- culi : antheris exsertis, basi bisetis. Feminei angustiores, limbo 5-fido ; filamentis steri- libus: stigmatibus linguiformibus imberbibus. Pappus utriusque sexüs pilosus scaber.
Arbusculæ vel Frutices (Africae australis) subtomentosi. Folia alterna integerrima. vel
dentata. Inflorescentia terminalis, subracemosa. Involucra subovata, brevia : squamis ovatis, textura uniformi.
Q 2 VERS,
116 Mr. Brown’s Observations on the
This, and not (as M. Richard has supposed) the nearly related species of North America, is what Linneus originally intended by — his Bidens nivea, as appears by the specimen in his Herbarium ; by his original reference to Vaillant's ** Ceratocephalus foliis cordatis s. triangularibus flore albo*," described from a speci- men in Surian's Herbarium; and by his-afterwards adding as va- rieties of his species the two plants from Carolina figured in Hortus Elthamensis. ' !
Calea aspera is abundantly distinct from Bidens, and has very little affinity with any of the original species of Calea, and least of all with C. jamaicensis, from which the character was taken. Since its appearance in Willdenow's work, however, it has been continued in this genus, in most of the recent catalogues of Gar- dens, as those of Desfontaines, Decandolle, and the second edi- tion of Mr. Aiton's Hortus Kewensis; and Lamarck in his Illus- trationes Generum has copied Jacquin's figure of it, apparently as the principal example of the genus Calea. | 5
Itis certainly now too late to recur to the name of Amellus, un- der which Browne, as I have already attempted to prove, first pro- posed this plant as a distinct genus; Linneus having soon after given that generic name to two very different plants, to one of which it is still applied ; and the real plant of Browne having till now been mistaken, owing in part to his having entirely over- looked the pappus which is deciduous.
Bidens nivea, however, as long ago as 1784 was described by Von Rohr, and published by him in 1792 in the second volume of the Transactions of the Natural History Society of Copenhagen, asa distinct genus, under the name of Melanthera: and in 1803 by Richard, in Michaux's Flora Boreali-A mericana, where it is called - Melananthera, and where the two species included by Linneus
* Act. Paris. 1720, p. 327.